Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics.
| Tertile 1 (<−1.8 kg/year) (n = 144) | Tertile 2 (−1.8 to 0 kg/year) (n = 145) | Tertile 3 (>0 kg/year) (n = 145) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 68.1 ± 10.1 | 67.8 ± 10.2 | 64.1 ± 12.2 | 0.007 |
| Women, n (%) | 73 (50.7%) | 80 (55.2%) | 83 (57.2%) | 0.52 |
| Body mass index at baseline (kg/m2) | 35.8 ± 7.0 | 34.2 ± 6.0 | 33.0 ± 6.2 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index category at baseline, n (%) | ||||
| Overweight | 31 (21.5%) | 39 (26.9%) | 51 (35.2%) | 0.02 |
| Obesity class 1 | 42 (29.2%) | 51 (35.2%) | 53 (36.6%) | |
| Obesity class 2 | 38 (26.4%) | 28 (19.3%) | 23 (15.9%) | |
| Obesity class 3 | 33 (22.9%) | 27 (18.6%) | 18 (12.4%) | |
| Body mass index at follow-up (kg/m2) | 31.2 ± 6.6 | 33.0 ± 6.1 | 35.1 ± 6.8 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index category at follow-up, n (%) | ||||
| Underweight | 0 | 0 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Normal weight | 23 (16.0%) | 7 (4.8%) | 0 | |
| Overweight | 50 (34.7%) | 47 (32.4%) | 32 (22.1%) | |
| Obesity class 1 | 32 (22.2%) | 45 (31.0%) | 55 (37.9%) | |
| Obesity class 2 | 24 (16.7%) | 22 (15.2%) | 29 (20.0%) | |
| Obesity class 3 | 15 (10.4%) | 24 (16.6%) | 29 (20.0%) | |
| NYHA functional class at baseline, n (%) | ||||
| II | 54 (37.5%) | 58 (40.0%) | 64 (44.1%) | 0.51 |
| III or IV | 90 (62.5%) | 87 (60.0%) | 81 (55.9%) | |
| NYHA functional class at follow-up, n (%) (n = 408) | ||||
| I | 40 (29.9%) | 51 (36.7%) | 56 (41.5%) | 0.13 |
| II | 55 (41.0%) | 59 (42.5%) | 56 (41.5%) | |
| III or IV | 39 (29.1%) | 29 (20.9%) | 23 (17.0%) | |
| Change in NYHA functional class, n (%) (n = 408) | ||||
| Improvement | 74 (55.2%) | 89 (64.0%) | 84 (62.2%) | 0.29 |
| No change | 48 (35.8%) | 40 (28.8%) | 46 (34.1%) | |
| Deterioration | 12 (9.0%) | 10 (7.2%) | 5 (3.7%) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension, | 114 (79.2%) | 121 (83.5%) | 114 (78.6%) | 0.53 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 43 (29.9%) | 37 (25.5%) | 29 (20.0%) | 0.15 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 57 (39.6%) | 56 (38.6%) | 51 (35.2%) | 0.72 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 46 (31.9%) | 46 (31.7%) | 37 (25.5%) | 0.40 |
| Coronary artery disease | 47 (32.6%) | 54 (37.2%) | 36 (24.8%) | 0.07 |
| Inflammatory disease | 17 (11.8%) | 12 (8.3%) | 11 (7.6%) | 0.41 |
| Thyroid disease | ||||
| Hypothyroidism | 19 (13.2%) | 18 (12.4%) | 20 (13.8%) | 0.94 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Medications | ||||
| Renin-angiotensin system blocker, n (%) | 69 (47.9%) | 74 (51.0%) | 59 (40.7%) | 0.19 |
| Beta blocker, n (%) | 72 (50.0%) | 73 (50.3%) | 59 (40.7%) | 0.17 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 80 (55.6%) | 81 (55.9%) | 72 (49.7%) | 0.49 |
| SGLT-2 inhibitor, n (%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0 | 2 (1.4%) | 0.37 |
| Laboratories | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.2 ± 1.7 | 13.2 ± 1.5 | 13.3 ± 1.8 | 0.60 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 63.0 ± 18.1 | 65.1 ± 18.0 | 66.1 ± 18.8 | 0.35 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) (n = 409) | 215 (65, 656) | 226 (66, 608) | 173 (69, 493) | 0.95 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LA volume index (mL/m2) (n = 429) | 30.0 (24.5, 38.9) | 32.7 (26.0, 40.8) | 32.9 (25.3, 42.2) | 0.41 |
| LV end-diastolic diameter (mm) (n = 430) | 49.9 ± 5.6 | 49.6 ± 4.9 | 49.3 ± 4.9 | 0.42 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 63.3 ± 5.1 | 63.0 ± 5.5 | 63.5 ± 6.8 | 0.70 |
| E/e′ ratio (n = 432) | 12.0 (8.6, 15.7) | 12.5 (10.0, 17.5) | 11.4 (8.7, 14.9) | 0.10 |
| RV systolic pressure (mmHg) (n = 379) | 38.7 ± 13.4 | 35.6 ± 12.4 | 37.7 ± 15.3 | 0.11 |
Values are mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or n (%).
NYHA, New York Heart Association; SGLT-2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NT-proBNP, N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; E/e′, the ratio of early mitral diastolic inflow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity; RV, right ventricular.