. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jul 27.

Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychol. 2025 Jul 10;62(2):475–491. doi: 10.1037/dev0002030

Table 1.

Summary of Within-Person and Between-Person Results for Relations Between Teacher–Student Relationships and Children’s Developmental Competencies

Variable	Conflict & Teacher Reports		Conflict & Mother Reports / WJ		Closeness & Teacher Reports		Closeness & Mother Reports / WJ
	Effect	Stand. Est.	Effect	Stand. Est.	Effect	Stand. Est.	Effect	Stand. Est.
Within-Person Results
Social competence	Con ~ Soc	−0.47	Con ~ Soc	−0.19	Clo ~ Soc	0.42	Clo ~ Soc	0.12
	Con → Soc		Con → Soc		Clo → Soc		Clo → Soc
	Soc → Con		Soc → Con	−0.11	Soc → Clo		Soc → Clo
Academic competence	Con ~ Aca	−0.26	Con ~ Aca	−0.16	Clo ~ Aca	0.23	Clo ~ Aca	0.16
	Con → Aca		Con → Aca	−0.13	Clo → Aca		Clo → Aca	0.12
	Aca → Con		Aca → Con		Aca → Clo		Aca → Clo	0.10
Externalizing problems	Con ~ Ext	0.48	Con ~ Ext	0.16	Clo ~ Ext	−0.20	Clo ~ Ext
	Con → Ext	0.11	Con → Ext	0.21	Clo → Ext		Clo → Ext
	Ext → Con	0.18	Ext → Con		Ext → Clo	−0.07	Ext → Clo
Internalizing problems	Con ~ Int	0.24	Con ~ Int		Clo ~ Int	−0.16	Clo ~ Int
	Con → Int		Con → Int		Clo → Int		Clo → Int
	Int → Con		Int → Con		Int → Clo		Int → Clo

Between-Person Results
Social competence	Con_int ~ Soc_int	−0.77	Con_int ~ Soc_int	−0.28	Clo_int ~ Soc_int	0.59	Clo_int ~ Soc_int	0.30
	Con_int ~ Soc_slope				Clo_int ~ Soc_slope
	Soc_int ~ Con_slope	0.34			Soc_int ~ Clo_slope	−0.58
	Con_slope ~ Soc_slope	−0.77			Clo_slope ~ Soc_slope	0.65
Academic competence	Con_int ~ Aca_int	−0.36	Con_int ~ Aca_int		Clo_int ~ Aca_int	0.41	Clo_int ~ Aca_int
	Con_int ~ Aca_slope				Clo_int ~ Aca_slope
					Aca_int ~ Clo_slope	−0.43
					Clo_slope ~ Aca_slope
Externalizing problems	Con_int ~ Ext_int	0.88	Con_int ~ Ext_int	0.28	Clo_int ~ Ext_int	−0.21	Clo_int ~ Ext_int
	Ext_int ~ Con_slope				Ext_int ~ Clo_slope	0.24
Internalizing problems	Con_int ~ Int_int	0.41	Con_int ~ Int_int		Clo_int ~ Int_int	−0.46	Clo_int ~ Int_int
	Int_int ~ Con_slope	−0.30	Con_int ~ Int_slope		Int_int ~ Clo_slope	0.52

Note. Complete model results are displayed in Supplemental Tables 8 through 23. All included cross-domain pathways are displayed, with black results being associated with a p-value < .05 after Benjamini-Hochberg correction and grey results being non-statistically significant. Standardized estimates are included only for statistically significant results and are calculated using within- or between-person residuals as appropriate. WJ = Woodcock-Johnson. Stand. Est. = standardized estimate. ~ indicates a covariance. → indicates a regression.