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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jul 27.
Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterology. 2024 Apr 29;167(4):689–703. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.04.029

Table 1.

Characteristics of the GLP-1RA(+)Insulin(−) and Insulin(+)GLP-1RA(−) Cohorts Before and After Propensity Score Matching

Before propensity score matching
 After propensity score matching
GLP-1RA(+) insulin(−) Insulin(+) GLP-1RA(−) SMD GLP-1RA(+) Insulin(−) Insulin(+) GLP-1RA(−) SMD
Total number 47,578 1,148,166 46,470 46,470
Age at index event, y, mean ± SD 56.0 ± 11.9 62.1 ± 15.8 0.44a 56.1 ± 11.9 56.3 ± 14.7 0.01
Sex (%)
 Female 54.7 46.5 0.16a 54.6 56.2 0.03
 Male 41.5 50.7 0.19a 41.8 40.3 0.03
 Unknown  3.8  2.8 0.06  3.7  3.5 0.008
Ethnicity, %
 Hispanic/Latinx  9.1  8.9 0.008  9.0  9.0 0.001
 Not Hispanic/Latinx 66.0 64.6 0.03 66.1 66.4 0.007
Unknown 24.8 26.5 0.04 24.9 24.6 0.006
Race, %
 American Indian or Alaska Native  0.5  0.5 0.004  0.5  0.5 0.004
 Asian  2.5  3.7 0.07  2.5  2.4 0.006
 Black 13.4 17.4 0.11a 13.5 12.7 0.02
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander  0.4  0.9 0.06  0.4  0.4 0.01
 White 66.4 61.8 0.09 66.3 67.4 0.02
 Unknown 13.9 12.6 0.04 13.9 13.8 0.001
Adverse socioeconomic determinants of health, %  1.7  1.3 0.03  1.7  1.6 0.005
Problems related to lifestyle, %  3.4  2.1 0.08  3.2  3.2 0.001
Family history of cancer  5.1  2.6 0.13a  4.9  4.8 0.005
Genetic susceptibility to cancer  0.1  0.1 0.02  0.1  0.1 0.001
Obesity categories, %
 Morbid (severe) obesity due to excess calories 18.3  7.1 0.34a 17.7 17.4 0.008
 Obesity, unspecified 30.3 12.7 0.44a 29.5 29.1 0.007
 Other obesity due to excess calories  2.9  0.5 0.19a  2.5  2.4 0.01
 BMI 30.0–30.9  1.4  0.7 0.06  1.3  1.1 0.02
 BMI 31.0–31.9  1.5  0.7 0.07  1.3  1.2 0.009
 BMI 32.0–32.9  1.6  0.7 0.08  1.5  1.3 0.01
 BMI 33.0–33.9  1.6  0.7 0.08  1.5  1.5 0.002
 BMI 34.0–34.9  1.8  0.7 0.09  1.7  1.6 0.007
 BMI 35.0–35.9  2.1  0.7 0.12a  1.9  1.8 0.007
 BMI 36.0–36.9  1.9  0.7 0.11a  1.8  1.7 0.005
 BMI 37.0–37.9  1.8  0.6 0.11a  1.7  1.6 0.003
 BMI 38.0–38.9  1.8  0.6 0.11a  1.6  1.6 0.004
 BMI 39.0–39.9  1.3  0.5 0.09  1.2  1.2 0.009
 BMI 40.0–44.9  5.3  1.8 0.19a  4.9  4.5 0.02
 BMI 45.0–49.9  3.1  1.0 0.15a  2.9  2.8 0.005
 BMI 50.0–59.9  2.2  0.8 0.12a  2.0  1.9 0.008
 BMI 60.0–69.9  0.6  0.2 0.06  0.6  0.6 0.002
 BMI ≥70  0.2  0.1 0.03  0.2  0.2 0.01
T2DM categories, %
 Type 2 diabetes mellitus without complications 75.1 58.1 0.37a 74.6 74.4 0.005
 Type 2 diabetes mellitus with hyperglycemia 29.8 17.9 0.28a 29.0 28.6 0.01
 Type 2 diabetes mellitus with hyperosmolarity  0.9  0.5 0.04  0.9  0.8 0.01
 Type 2 diabetes mellitus with ketoacidosis  0.2  0.5 0.05  0.2  0.1 0.02
 Type 2 diabetes mellitus with kidney complications  6.6  8.7 0.08  6.6  6.0 0.02
 Type 2 diabetes mellitus with ophthalmic complications  4.9  5.6 0.03  4.9  4.6 0.02
 Type 2 diabetes mellitus with neurological complications 10.4  9.6 0.03 10.3  9.8 0.02
 Type 2 diabetes mellitus with circulatory complications  2.9  2.9 0.001  2.9  2.7 0.01
 Type 2 diabetes mellitus with other specified complications 32.4 20.4 0.28a 31.7 30.9 0.02
 Type 2 diabetes mellitus with unspecified complications  7.3  4.0 0.14a  7.0  6.8 0.008
Pre-existing medical conditions, procedures, medications, %
 Alcohol-related disorders  1.4  2.9 0.11a  1.4  1.3 0.007
 Tobacco use disorder  8.2 10.1 0.07  8.2  7.8 0.02
 Benign neoplasm of liver  0.1  0.1 0.008  0.1  0.1 0.002
 Chronic viral hepatitis  0.6  1.3 0.07  0.6  0.5 0.02
 Unspecified viral hepatitis  0.7  1.5 0.08  0.7  0.6 0.009
 Chronic hepatitis, not elsewhere classified  0.1  0.2 0.02  0.1  0.1 0.005
 Alcoholic liver disease  0.2  0.7 0.09  0.2  0.2 0.002
 Fatty (change of) liver, not elsewhere classified (MASLD)  7.0  2.5 0.21a  6.7  6.4 0.009
 Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH)  1.1  0.4 0.09  1.0  1.0 0.002
 Fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver  1.1  2.0 0.07  1.0  1.0 0.006
 Hepatic fibrosis  0.7  1.0 0.04  0.6  0.6 0.002
 Liver cirrhosis  0.9  1.9 0.09  0.9  0.8 0.003
 Hepatic encephalopathy  0.0  0.1 0.04  0.0  0.0 0.006
 Esophageal varices  0.2  0.6 0.06  0.2  0.2 <.001
 Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis  0.0  0.1 0.03  0.0  0.0 <.001
 Ascites  0.4  1.6 0.12a  0.4  0.3 0.01
 Hypertension 61.5 54.7 0.14a 61.5 61.5 0.02
 Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism and other lipidemias 59.0 40.6 0.37a 58.2 58.1 0.003
 Ischemic heart diseases 13.1 22.4 0.25a 13.3 12.1 0.03
 Other forms of heart disease 16.5 28.0 0.28a 16.7 15.2 0.04
 Cerebrovascular diseases  4.8 10.9 0.23a  4.9  4.4 0.03
 Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries  6.7 11.2 0.16a  6.7  6.2 0.02
 Bariatric surgery  1.7  0.6 0.11a  1.6  1.6 0.005
 Encounter for screening for malignant neoplasms 26.2 11.9 0.37a 25.6 25.4 0.004
 Insulins 19.0  6.7 0.38a 18.2 17.0 0.03
 Metformin 58.4 22.0 0.80a 57.5 57.6 0.001
 DPP-4 inhibitors 20.0  4.9 0.47a 19.0 18.9 0.003
 SGLT2 inhibitors  9.8  0.7 0.42a  8.3  7.7 0.02
 Sulfonylureas 29.6 13.6 0.40a 29.1 29.1 0.001
 Thiazolidinediones  8.7  3.9 0.20a  8.6  8.6 <.001
 Aspirin 24.9 22.4 0.06 24.9 24.0 0.02
 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics 15.9  9.2 0.20a 15.6 15.0 0.02
 Atorvastatin 27.6 15.0 0.31a 27.0 26.3 0.02
 Lovastatin  2.1  1.6 0.04  2.1  2.0 0.004
 Pravastatin  7.7  4.5 0.13a  7.5  7.5 0.004
 Rosuvastatin  8.4  3.6 0.20a  8.1  8.2 0.003
 Simvastatin 16.0 11.5 0.13a 16.0 15.7 0.008

NOTE. Shown are cohorts before and after propensity score matching for the listed variables. The status of variables was based on the presence of related clinical codes anytime to 1 day before the index event (prescription of GLP-1RAs or insulins in 1/2010–2/2019).

SD, standard deviation; SMD, standardized mean differences.

a

SMD greater than 0.1, a threshold indicating cohort imbalance. Adverse socioeconomic determinants of health include housing and economic circumstances, upbringing, education, physical environment, and social environment. Problems with lifestyle included tobacco use, lack of physical exercise, inappropriate diet and eating habits and others.