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. 2025 Jun 23;11(7):487. doi: 10.3390/gels11070487
HA Hyaluronic acid
G′ Storage modulus (elastic modulus)
G″ Loss modulus (viscous modulus)
tan δ Loss factor
τ (tau) Shear stress
γ (gamma) Shear deformation
ω (omega) Angular frequency
LVR linear viscoelastic range
DV10 Gel particle diameter below which 10% of the total sample volume is contained
DV50 Median gel particle diameter (50% of particle volume is below this size)
DV90 Gel particle diameters below which 90% of the total sample volume is contained
DV90–10 Difference between DV90 and DV10 (particle size range of the central 80% of the volume)
PBS Phosphate-buffered saline
BDDE 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether
RSD Relative standard deviation
G Gauge (used for needle size, e.g., 27 G)
TW Thin wall (needle type)
UTW Ultra-thin wall (needle type)