| AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
| FDA | U.S. Food and Drug Administration |
| GI | glycemic index |
| IL-6 | interleukin-6 |
| PPAR | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor |
| RNS | reactive nitrogen species |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
| Zn, Fe, Ca | Zinc, iron, calcium |
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