RAS	rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
MYC	avian myelocytomatosis oncogene homolog
TP53	gene encoding the p53 tumour protein
RB1	gene encoding pRb retinoblastoma protein
pRb	retinoblastoma protein; controls G1 to S phase transition during cell cycle
Bcl-2	B-cell Lymphoma 2; family of proteins that regulate cell apoptosis
Bak	Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer; apoptotic protein
Bax	Bcl-2-associated X protein; apoptotic protein
Bcl-xL	B-cell lymphoma extra-large; antiapoptotic protein
MMPs	extracellular matrix metalloproteinases
BRCA1, BRCA2	breast cancer genes 1 and 2; tumour suppressor genes involved in DNA repair through homologous recombination
MLH1	MutL Homolog 1; the human homolog of the bacterial MutL gene key in DNA mismatch repair pathway
TNF	tumour necrosis factor
DISC	death-inducing signalling complex
FasL	Fas ligand; binds to the Fas receptor to initiate apoptosis
TNF-α	tumour necrosis factor alpha; proinflammatory cytokine
MOMP	mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation
IAP	inhibitor of apoptosis proteins
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; a family of transcription factor proteins
BIR	baculoviral IAP repeat domains
Mcl-1	antiapoptotic protein
MCF-7	Michigan cancer foundation-7; human breast cancer cell line
p53	tumour suppressor protein responsible for monitoring and controlling the genetic integrity of cells
FAS	cell surface death receptor that upon binding FasL triggers apoptosis via DISC formation
FADD	FAS-associated death domain; apoptosis signal mediator
MDA-MB-231	MD Anderson—metastatic breast cancer line 231; triple-negative human breast cancer cell line
MDA-MB-436	MD Anderson—metastatic breast cancer line 436; triple-negative human breast cancer cell line
MCF-7	human breast adenocarcinoma cell line; oestrogen receptor-positive
MCF 10A	non-cancerous human mammary epithelial cell line
p21	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A; cell cycle suppressor protein
PARP	poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase
HeLa	epithelial cervical cancer cell line derived from Henrietta Lacks
HT-29	human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells
HepG2	human hepatocellular carcinoma cells
EGCG	epigallocatechin gallate
CDKs	cyclin-dependent kinases
EGFR	epidermal growth factor receptor; kinase inhibitor
BRAF	B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (B-type Raf kinase) kinase
CDK4/6	cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6; inhibitors
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
FGFs	receptors fibroblast growth factors
Angs	angiopoietins and tie receptors
TGF-β	transforming growth factor-β
CAM test	a biological model that utilises the chorioallantoic membrane of the chicken embryo to study angiogenesis, tumour development, toxicity
PDGF	platelet-derived growth factor
HGF	hepatocyte growth factor
IL-8	interleukin-8/CXCL8
IL-6	interleukin-6
TIMP-1	tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1
MMP-9	matrix metalloproteinase-9
ANG2	angiopoietin-2; crucial in vascular remodelling and tumour angiogenesis
NK	“natural killer”; responsible for the immunological control of tumours and virus-infected cells
MHC	major histocompatibility complex
FasL	Fas ligand
Fas	receptor CD95
TREG	regulatory T cells; suppress immune responses, often elevated in tumour microenvironments
TME	tumour microenvironment
ROS	reactive oxygen species
NOX	NADPH oxidase
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
p38	p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
GSH	reduced glutathione
GST	glutathione s-transferase
COX-2	cyclooxygenase-2