ACPAs	Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies
ADAMTS	A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs
Anti-CarP	Anti-carbamylated protein antibodies
CCR6	Chemokine receptor 6
cDMARDs	Conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase-2
CRP	C-creative protein
CTLA-4	T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
CXCL12	Chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 12
DALYs	Disability-adjusted life years
DNMT	DNA methyltransferases
ECM	Extracellular matrix
ESR	Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
FGFs	Fibroblast growth factors
FLS	Fibroblast-like synoviocytes
GC	Glucocorticoids
GM-CSF	Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor
HB-EGF	Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor
HDAC	Histone deacetylases
HLA-DR	Human leukocyte antigen D-related
IgG	Immunoglobulin G
IL	Interleukin
IRF-5	Interferon regulatory factor 5
JAK/STAT	Janus-activated kinase signal transduction and activator of transcription
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
M-CSF	Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
MDC	Myeloid dendritic cells
MHC	Major histocompatibility complex
MMPs	Matrix metalloproteinases
MSCs	Mesenchymal stem cells
MTX	Methotrexate
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
NF-κβ	Nuclear factor kappa-B
NO	Nitric oxide
NSAIDs	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
OPG	Osteoprotegerin
PADI4	Peptidyl arginine deiminase, type IV enzyme
PBMCs	Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
PDC	Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
PI3/AKT	Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-AKT
PlGF	Placenta growth factor
RA	Rheumatoid arthritis
RANKL	Receptor activator of nuclear factor-B ligand
RF	Rheumatoid factor
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SAM	S-adenosine methionine
SLE	Systemic lupus erythematosus
SNPs	Single nucleotide polymorphisms
SYK/BTK	Spleen tyrosine kinase)/Bruton’s tyrosine kinase
TBX5	T-box transcription factor 5
Tfh	T follicular helper
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor beta
TIMPs	Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TRAF1	Tumors necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1
Treg	Regulatory T cells
VCAM-1	Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor
Wnt/β-catenin	Wingless/integrated