| FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| IL | interleukin |
| TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor α |
| MCP-1 | monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| CoA | coenzyme A |
| NNT | nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase |
| SOD | superoxide dismutase |
| GPX | gluthatione peroxidase |
| GSH | reduced glutathione |
| MPO | myeloperoxidase |
| PPAR | peroxisome-activating receptor |
| WAT | white adipose tissue |
| BAT | brown adipose tissue |
| BeAT | beige adipose tissue |
| UCP-1 | uncoupling protein-1 |
| NF-kB | nuclear factor-kB |
| TGF-β | transforming growth factor β |
| mTOR | mammalian target of rapamycin |
| TGL | triglyceride |
| FAS | fatty acid synthase |
| AMPK | 5′AMP-activated proteinkinase |
| SREBP | sterol regulating element binding proteins |
| ACC | acetyl-CoA carboxylase |
| C/EBP | CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins |
| PGC-1α | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor G coactivator 1-α |
| HFD | high fat diet |
| GM | gut microbiota |
| DRP-1 | dynamin-related protein 1 |
| SIRT-1 | sirtuin 1 |
| RXR | retinoid X receptor |
| PPRE | proliferation response element |