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. 2025 Jul 17;26(14):6880. doi: 10.3390/ijms26146880
FDA Food and Drug Administration
ROS reactive oxygen species
IL interleukin
TNF-α tumor necrosis factor α
MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
WHO World Health Organization
CoA coenzyme A
NNT nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase
SOD superoxide dismutase
GPX gluthatione peroxidase
GSH reduced glutathione
MPO myeloperoxidase
PPAR peroxisome-activating receptor
WAT white adipose tissue
BAT brown adipose tissue
BeAT beige adipose tissue
UCP-1 uncoupling protein-1
NF-kB nuclear factor-kB
TGF-β transforming growth factor β
mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin
TGL triglyceride
FAS fatty acid synthase
AMPK 5′AMP-activated proteinkinase
SREBP sterol regulating element binding proteins
ACC acetyl-CoA carboxylase
C/EBP CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins
PGC-1α peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor G coactivator 1-α
HFD high fat diet
GM gut microbiota
DRP-1 dynamin-related protein 1
SIRT-1 sirtuin 1
RXR retinoid X receptor
PPRE proliferation response element