| AP-1 | Activator Protein 1 |
| CPO | Crude Palm Oil |
| DPPH | 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl |
| EPO | Epoxidized Palm Olein |
| ERK | Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase |
| FGF | Fibroblast Growth Factor |
| JNK | c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase |
| MAPK | Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase |
| Nf-κB | Nuclear Factor Kappa-Light-Chain-Enhancer of Activated B Cell |
| NLC | Nanostructured Lipid Carrier |
| Nrf2 | Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 |
| OPG | Osteoprotegerin |
| OPL | Oil Palm Leaf |
| PKO | Palm Kernel Oil |
| PME | Palm Methyl Ester |
| PPP | Palm-Based Polyester Polyol |
| RANKL | Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-Β Ligand |
| ROS | Reactive Oxygen Species |
| RPO | Red Palm Oil |
| SL | Sophorolipid |