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. 2025 Jul 9;16(7):705. doi: 10.3390/insects16070705
L14: D10 14 h light: 10 h dark
DD Constant darkness
FAW Fall armyworm
TTFL Transcriptional–translational feedback loop
LD Light–dark
ZT Zeitgeber time
DD1 The first day of constant darkness
DD2 The second day of constant darkness
DD3 The third day of constant darkness
CT Circadian time
qRT-PCR Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
K-S Kolmogorov–Smirnov
M-W Mann–Whitney