| L14: D10 | 14 h light: 10 h dark |
| DD | Constant darkness |
| FAW | Fall armyworm |
| TTFL | Transcriptional–translational feedback loop |
| LD | Light–dark |
| ZT | Zeitgeber time |
| DD1 | The first day of constant darkness |
| DD2 | The second day of constant darkness |
| DD3 | The third day of constant darkness |
| CT | Circadian time |
| qRT-PCR | Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction |
| K-S | Kolmogorov–Smirnov |
| M-W | Mann–Whitney |