DM	diabetes mellitus
DM1	type 1 DM
DM2	type 2 DM
CVD	cardiovascular disease
SGLTs	sodium–glucose cotransporter
RAAS	renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
1,5-AG	1,5-anhydroglucitol
EDKA	euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis
HMG-CoA	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A
SCOT	succinyl-CoA-3-oxoacid-CoA transferase
BDH	3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
ICAM-1	intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1
VCAM-1	vascular cell adhesion protein-1
IL	interleukin
MCP-1	monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
NOS	NO synthase
TNF	tumor necrosis factor
TGL	triglyceride
TLR9	toll-like receptor 9
SIRT	sirtuin
ROS	reactive oxygen species
NAFLD	non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
SREBP-1	sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1
PEPCK-1	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-1
FAS	fatty acid synthase
ACC1	acetyl-CoA-carboxylase-1
SCD1	sterol-CoA desaturase-1
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
CKD	chronic kidney disease
eGFR	estimated glomerular filtration rate
HPTC	human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell
EPO	erythropoietin
HIF	hypoxia inducible factor
AMPK	AMP-activating protein kinase
NF-kB	nuclear factor kappa B
PDH	pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4
BA	bronchial asthma
IDF	International Diabetes Federation
ADA	American Diabetes Association
EASD	European Association for the Study of Diabetes
BP	Blood pressure
HFD	high-fat diet
PGC-1α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor G coactivator 1-α
TFAM	mitochondrial transcription factor A
Drp1	dynamin-related protein 1
Mfn	mitofusin
OPA1	optic atrophy 1
CANVAS	Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study
FG	Fournier’s gangrene