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. 2025 Mar 25;21(3):1000–1012. doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01109

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Ischemia and hypoxia-induced metabolic reprogramming triggers the activation of MG.

ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; HK2: hexokinase 2; IL: interleukin; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MG: microglia; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; NADPH: nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphate; NO: nitric oxide; NOX: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase; O₂: oxygen; PDH: phosphate dehydrogenase; PFK: phosphofructokinase-1; PI3K: phosphatidylin-ositol-3-kinase; PKM2: pyruvate kinase type 2; PPP: pentose phosphate pathway; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TCA: tricarboxylic acid.