Table 2.

Diagnostic performance of iENE on CT and/or MRI, compared with pENE in patients with head and neck SCC

Year	Authors, Journal	HPV/P16 Status	Sensitivity (%)		Specificity (%)
			CT	MRI	CT	MRI
1991	Carvalho et al. Clin. Radiol.1	—	63	—	60	—
2000	Hao et al. Otol. Head Neck Surg.2	—	—	73	—	95
2004	King et al. Eur. J. Radiol.4	—	65	78	93	86
2009	Souter et al. J. Laryngol. Otol.6	—	66/80a	—	91/90a	—
2013	Chai et al. JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.11	Negative and positive	49/65a	—	84/54a	—
2013	Lodder et al. Oral Oncol.12	—	—	60	—	93
2013	Url et al. Eur. J. Radiol.13	—	71/76a	—	91/91a	—
2014	Prabhu et al. Inter. J. Radi. Onco. Bio. Phy.14	Negative	44	—	98	—
2015	Lee et al. Ann. Surg. Oncol.16	—	73	—	92	—
2015	Maxwell et al. Laryngoscope17	Positive	55/47a	—	70/85a	—
2016	Liu et al. Oral Oncol.18	—	64	—	72	—
2017	Carlton et al. Neuroradiol. J.19	Negative and positive	57/66a	—	81/76a	—
2017	Geltzeiler et al. Oral Oncol.20	Positive	64	—	68	—
2017	Moreno et al. J. Laryngol. Otol.21	—	—	43	—	100
2017	Sharma et al. Indian J. Otol. Head Neck Surg.22	—	100	—	58	—
2018	Almulla et al. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.23	Negative	61	40	95	97
2018	Patel MR et al. ORL J. Otorhinolaryngol. Relat. Spec.26	Positive	88/100a	—	53/63a	—
2019	Lee et al. Korean J. Radiol.27	Positive	62		78
2019	Noor et al. J. Med. Imaging Radiat. Oncol.28	Positive	57/61a	—	73/67a	—
2020	Ariji et al. Oral Radiol.29	Negative	55	—	71	—
2021	Kowalchuk et al. Oral Oncol.44	Positive	54	—	71	—
2023	Nemmour et al. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol.34	Negative and positive	62	72	94	83
2024	Duguet-Armad et al. Laryngoscope36	Negative	27	—	96	—
2024	Hancioglu et al. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.37	Negative	39	—	82	—
2025	Liao et al. Head Neck38	Negative	68		90

CT, computed tomography; HPV, human papillomavirus; iENE, imaging extranodal extension; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; pENE, pathological extranodal extension.

^aStudy with two observers, the performance of each observer is shown and analysed separately.