Fig. 10.

Disease modeling and drug discovery. (A) An airway-on-a-chip to study influenza virus evolution. Reproduced with permission from Ref [127]., Copyright 2021, American Society for Microbiology. (B) An airway-on-a-chip to model pulmonary cystic fibrosis. Reproduced with permission from Ref [129]., Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (C) A human lung-on-a-chip to recreate pulmonary edema from drug toxicity. Reproduced with permission from Ref [130]., Copyright 2012, Science. (D) An alveolus-on-a-chip to recapitulate acute radiation-induced lung injury. Reproduced with permission from Ref [131]., Copyright 2023, Springer Nature. (E) An alveolus-on-a-chip to examine the effects of PS-NPs on lung injury. Reproduced with permission from Ref [132]., Copyright 2023, Elsevier. (F) A bionic-lung microfluidic chip to research the response to cigarette smoke exposure. Reproduced with permission from Ref [133]., Copyright 2024, Elsevier