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. 2025 Jul 26;30:674. doi: 10.1186/s40001-025-02718-w

Table 1.

Gastric cancer clinical conditions

No Name Clinical conditions
1 Normal The mucosa is free from irregular structure and abnormal lining.
2 Metaplasia The existence of gastric-type mucus-secreting cells is described by the gastric metaplasia in the mucosa of the epithelium of the duodenum. The gastric foveolar epithelium caused limits the syndrome to a duodenal bulb and includes the replacement of normal absorptive and goblet cells [23].
3 Dysplasia When the cells of the gastric mucosa are transformed into abnormal then stomach epithelial dysplasia appears. The most common type of stomach cancer adenocarcinoma forms when this cell irregularity appears[24].
4 Sparce Integrin beta and MMP-2 protein levels and SPARC are upregulated in stomach tumors examined with adjacent noncancerous tissues [25].
5 Atrophic Atrophic type cancer is also known as Type A or Type B gastritis. Atrophic is the process of persistent gastric lining, pointing to the loss of gastric epithelial cells and their future replacement by intestinal and fibrous tissue [26].