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. 2025 Jul 26;15:27232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-12142-z

Table 4.

The average value of PSNR measure of different optimization algorithms.

Image Pepper Camera man
K = 2 K = 3 K = 4 K = 5 K = 2 K = 3 K = 4 K = 5
GAAOA 17.783 19.123 21.126 22.201 19.328 21.712 22.165 24.513
EMO Lévy 16.4296 18.8469 20.4749 21.8597 17.3213 20.2304 21.4177 23.2749
EMO 15.5245 18.8675 20.4503 21.8329 17.253 20.2116 21.625 23.2749
CS 16.2354 18.8675 20.4503 21.855 17.253 20.1796 21.4177 23.2735
SCA 16.6278 18.1623 20.63 21.4056 17.3744 20.0161 21.9564 21.6302
MFO 16.2716 18.0953 19.7982 21.608 18.2862 19.9084 21.1897 22.1592
WOA 14.2092 16.466 16.9392 19.5709 15.8362 18.0557 20.219 18.6505
Image Baboon
K = 2 K = 3 K = 4 K = 5
GAAOA 16.943 17.653 19.126 21.387
EMO Lévy 16. 296 18.8469 21.4749 22.8597
EMO 15.524 17.675 19.4503 22.875
CS 16.654 17.879 20.324 22.855
SCA 16.827 18.654 21.432 23.4056
MFO 15.783 17.0953 20.7982 22.762
WOA 15.734 17.832 18.367 20.321