Figure 4.

Nerve-targeted therapeutic strategies in dry eye disease. Therapies targeting nerve dysfunction in dry eye disease, organized by their primary site of action: ocular surface, peripheral nerves, and central nervous system. Interventions include topical therapies (e.g., autologous serum tears) acting on the ocular surface, adjuvant therapies (peripheral trigeminal transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and botulinum toxin) targeting peripheral pathways, and oral neuromodulators targeting central pain processing.