| ALP | alkaline phosphatase activity |
| Cp-Ti | commercially pure titanium |
| EDX | energy dispersive X-ray analysis |
| ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
| HA | hydroxyapatite |
| MPS | microplasma spraying |
| MSC | mesenchymal stem cell |
| Ti | titanium |
| SEM | scanning electron microscopy |
| Zr | zirconium |