NCDs	Non-Communicable Diseases
CVDs	Cardiovascular Diseases
CRDs	Chronic Respiratory Diseases
PEITC	Phenethyl Isothiocyanate
LDL	Low-Density Lipoprotein
RCT	Randomized Controlled Trial
SENO	Standardized Extract of Nasturtium officinale
CRP	C-Reactive Protein
EENO	Ethanolic Extract of Nasturtium officinale
MDA	Malondialdehyde
BUN	Blood Urea Nitrogen
SOD	Superoxide Dismutase
TGs	Triglycerides
T2D	Type 2 Diabetes
AGEs	Advanced Glycation End-Products
RAGEs	Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products
IRS1	Insulin Receptor Substrate 1
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase
AKT2	Protein Kinase B (AKT2) pathway
BPA	Bisphenol A
DBP	Dibutyl Phthalate
CAT	Catalase
GSH	Glutathione
Nrf2	Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2–Related Factor 2
NF-κB	Nuclear Factor Kappa B
IL	Interleukin (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6)
TNF-α	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
AP-1	Activator Protein 1
CCL2	Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 2
TMAO	Trimethylamine N-oxide
WNT/β-catenin	WNT Signaling Pathway/Beta-catenin
ER	Endoplasmic Reticulum
IC50	Half Maximal Inhibitory Concentration
PRF	Phenolic-Rich Fraction
PhEF	Phenethyl Isothiocyanate-Enriched Extract
AuNPs	Gold Nanoparticles
PEG-PLGA	Polyethylene Glycol–Polylactic-co-Glycolic Acid
NOE-NPs	Nasturtium officinale-Extract Nanoparticles
HbA1c	Hemoglobin A1c
ALT	Alanine Aminotransferase
AST	Aspartate Aminotransferase
GLUT4	Glucose Transporter Type 4
AMPK	AMP-Activated Protein Kinase
COPD	Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
GPX	Glutathione Peroxidase
SMA-α	Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin
NO	Nitric Oxide
FRAP	Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power
Gata3	Transcription Factor GATA-3
TGF-β1	Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1
MEITCs	Methyl Isothiocyanates
PCOs	Protein Carbonyls