Akt	Protein kinase B
AMP	Adenosine monophosphate
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
AOM	Anti-obesity medication
ASE	Accelerated solvent extraction
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate
BA	Bile acid
BBR	Berberine
BCAA	Branched-chain amino acid
BSEP	Bile salt export pump
C/EBP-α	CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha
CI	Color Index
CPT1A	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A
CRP	C-reactive protein
CVD	Cardiovascular disease
CYP2C9	Cytochrome P450 2C9 enzyme
CYP2D6	Cytochrome P450 2D6 enzyme
CYP3A4	Cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme
CYP7A1	Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
DES-UA-MSPD	Deep eutectic solvent ultrasound-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (subgroup of MAPK)
FASN	Fatty acid synthase
FXR	Farnesoid X receptor
G6Pase	Glucose-6-phosphatase
GC-MS	Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
GIP	Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
GLUT4	Glucose transporter type 4
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide-1
HbA1c	Glycated hemoglobin
HFD	High-fat diet
HO-1	Heme oxygenase-1
HPβCD	2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin
HPLC-DAD	High-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector
HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS	High-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry
HPTLC	High-performance thin-layer chromatography
IBD	Inflammatory bowel disease
IKK-β	Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta
IL-1β	Interleukin-1 beta
IL-6	Interleukin-6
IRS-1	Insulin receptor substrate 1
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase (subgroup of MAPK)
LC-MS/MS	Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
LDL	Low-density lipoprotein
LDL-C	Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
LDLR	Low-density lipoprotein receptor
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
LXRα	Liver X receptor alpha
MAE	Microwave-assisted extraction
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MASLD	Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
MASH	Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (inflammatory form of MASLD)
MCP-1	Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
MDR	Multidrug resistance
mTOR	Mechanistic target of rapamycin
MW	Molecular weight
NADES	Natural deep eutectic solvent
NAFLD	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NCD	Non-communicable disease
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NHANES	National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
NO	Nitric oxide
NRF-1	Nuclear respiratory factor 1
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
Opa1	Optic atrophy 1 (mitochondrial fusion protein)
OTU	Operational taxonomic unit
p38	p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (subgroup of MAPK)
P-gp	P-glycoprotein
PDA	Photo diode array
PEPCK	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
PHB2	Prohibitin 2 (mitophagy receptor)
PI3K	Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
PINK1	PTEN induced kinase 1 (mitophagy regulator)
PPAR-γ	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
PPAR-δ	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta
PYY	Peptide YY
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SCFA	Short-chain fatty acid
SHP	Small heterodimer partner
SIRT1	Sirtuin 1 (NAD+-dependent deacetylase)
SREBP-1c	Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c
T1DM	Type 1 diabetes mellitus
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TCA	Tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
TC	Total cholesterol
TFAM	Mitochondrial transcription factor A
TG	Triglycerides
TGR5	Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5
TMAO	Trimethylamine N-oxide
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TORC2	Target of rapamycin complex 2
UAE	Ultrasound-assisted extraction
UCP1	Uncoupling protein 1
UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS	Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry
WHO	World Health Organization
ZO-1	Zonula occludens-1 (tight-junction protein)