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. 2025 Jul 8;25(14):4253. doi: 10.3390/s25144253
Formula Symbol Description
ax,yc Vehicle’s acceleration (longitudinal or lateral)
βc Vehicle’s side slip angle
δwheel Wheel steering angle
Δ(x,y)OFc Distance between Vehicle and Optical Flow Point (Longitudinal and Lateral)
Δxg,Δyg Distance between Vehicle and Object (Longitudinal and Lateral)
FOF Optical flow vector (2D)
FSF Scene flow vector (3D)
I Image matrix (Pixels)
λzc Look Angle between the Horizontal Line and the Line of Sight to an Object
M Image Mask (Binary Matrix)
μtire road Coefficient of friction between tire and road
O Cluster of Points from Point Cloud
ωwheel Wheel speed
p Individual Point from Pointcloud (3D Vector)
P Point cloud (3D)
ψc Vehicle’s yaw angle
R Distance between Vehicle and Object Point
vc Vehicle’s velocity over ground