Figure 3.

Forest plot demonstrating the odds of severe stage 2 to 3 AKI with VAN+PTZ versus VAN plus other BLs or monotherapy. Data are expressed as odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals. In studies (Blevins AM, Hundeshagen G, Kang S and Schreier DJ) including VAN+PTZ, VAN+other BLs, and VAN monotherapy, VAN+PTZ may appear more than once in pairwise comparisons; thus, to avoid duplication in the overall estimate, only one comparison per study was included in the total, combining VAN+other BLs and monotherapy as a single reference group. Chen AY, 2023a represents the comparison groups of VAN+PTZ versus VAN+FEP; Chen AY, 2023b represents the comparison groups of VAN+PTZ versus VAN+MEM; Hundeshagen G, 2017a represents the population of adult; Hundeshagen G, 2017b represents the population of children. BLs = beta-lactams: other BLs was defined as BLs other than PTZ.

Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; VAN, vancomycin; PTZ, piperacilline-tazobactam.

Note. Chen AY, 2023a and Chen AY, 2023b represent two subgroup comparisons within the same study: VAN+PTZ vs. VAN+FEP (2023a) and VAN+PTZ vs. VAN+MEM (2023b). Hundeshagen G, 2017a and Hundeshagen G, 2017b represent two subgroup comparisons within the same study: population of adult (2017a) and population of children (2017b)