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. 2025 Jul 21;7(18):5519–5535. doi: 10.1039/d5na00365b

Table 3. Parameters measured for silk nanoparticles dispersed in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) derived from electrical asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (EAF4)-MALS. Two-way ANOVA and Šídák's multiple comparisons test were used, comparing day 56 and 0 data: p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***), and p < 0.0001 (****). Abbreviations: peak 1 (P1); peak 2 (P2); hydrodynamic radius (Rh); radius of gyration (Rg); dynamic light scattering (DLS); zeta potential (ZP); no data available (NA).

Silk nanoparticle Applied current (mA) Elution time (min) MALS-Rg (nm) DLS-Rh (nm) R g/Rh
P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2
Day 0
0 mg cation +0.2 17.7 (±0.4) 37.0 (±0.1) 24.6 (±0.1) 46.1 (±0.1) 33.7 (±2.6) 73.4 (±13.9) 0.73 (±0.06) 0.64 (±0.14)
0 18.9 (±0.3) 37.7 (±0.1) 24.5 (±0.1) 45.5 (±1.0) 35.9 (±9.8) 79.1 (±3.3) 0.73 (±0.23) 0.57 (±0.01)
−0.2 20.2 (±0.9) 38.4 (±0.1) 24.4 (±0.1) 45.8 (±0.6) 31.6 (±4.3) 76.4 (±16.4) 0.78 (±0.10) 0.62 (±0.14)
0.7 mg Ca2+ +0.2 21.3 (±0.2) 37.3 (±0.1) 24.7 (±0.1) 51.7 (±0.3) 38.0 (±5.3) 94.5 (±5.3) 0.66 (±0.10) 0.64 (±0.11)
0 22.1 (±0.1) 37.9 (±0.1) 24.6 (±0.1) 51.9 (±0.3) 33.5 (±9.1) 81.8 (±12.8) 0.77 (±0.18) 0.55 (±0.03)
−0.2 23.3(±0.3) 38.5 (±0.0) 24.6 (±0.1) 50.0 (±0.3) 31.6 (±3.7) 87.5 (±4.5) 0.79 (±0.09) 0.57 (±0.03)
1.1 mg K+ +0.2 20.4 (±0.4) 37.5 (±0.0) 24.7 (±0.1) 57.7 (±0.6) 50.4 (±9.2) 89.2 (±6.3) 0.50 (±0.10) 0.65 (±0.04)
0 21.5 (±0.5) 38.2 (±0.0) 24.4 (±0.1) 55.5 (±0.4) 31.6 (±4.1) 93.0 (±0.7) 0.78 (±0.10) 0.60 (±0.01)
−0.2 22.7 (±0.3) 38.8 (±0.1) 24.3 (±0.1) 53.2 (±0.6) 25.3 (±2.4) 85.3 (±5.1) 0.97 (±0.10) 0.63 (±0.03)
Day 56
0 mg cation +0.2 25.9 (±0.1)**** 37.5 (±0.1)**** 27.9 (±0.3)**** 62.2 (±1.3)**** 31.4 (±14.0) 8.0 (±5.8)**** 0.99 (±0.35) 18.30 (±21.95)**
0 30.3 (±0.3)**** 38.1 (±0.1)**** 29.5 (±0.3)**** 61.8 (±0.3)**** 56.5 (±11.7) 78.3 (±42.6) 0.54 (±0.12) 0.94 (±0.44)
−0.2 29.8 (±0.8)**** 38.7 (±0.1)**** 29.3 (±0.3)**** 56.7 (±0.3)**** 65.9 (±34.4)* 136.7 (±108.8)**** 0.57 (±0.37) 1.38 (±1.88)
0.7 mg Ca2+ +0.2 26.3 (±0.5)**** 37.5 (±0.1)* 27.9 (±0.3)**** 62.5 (±1.4)**** 45.0 (±6.1) 102.7 (±2.3) 0.63 (±0.08) 0.61 (±0.02)
0 26.6 (±0.0)**** 38.0 (±0.1) 28.0 (±0.2)**** 59.1 (±0.6)**** 48.3 (±19.9) 103.5 (±10.2) 0.64 (±0.21) 0.57 (±0.05)
−0.2 26.6 (±0.0)**** 38.7 (±0.0)** 27.8 (±0.1)**** 54.3 (±0.4)**** 39.7 (±9.9) 99.9 (±5.7) 0.73 (±0.17) 0.54 (±0.03)
1.1 mg K+ +0.2 28.4 (±0.3)**** 37.3 (±0.1)* 29.5 (±0.2)**** 52.2 (±0.5)**** 42.2 (±4.1) 102.7 (±2.3) 0.70 (±0.07) 0.51 (±0.01)
0 29.0 (±0.4)**** 37.8 (±0.0)**** 29.1 (±0.1)**** 50.0 (±0.3)**** 52.9 (±19.1) 103.7 (±9.0) 0.61 (±0.25) 0.48 (±0.04)
−0.2 29.6 (±0.6)**** 38.2 (±0.1)**** 29.0 (±0.2)**** 46.1 (±0.2) 45.5 (±7.4) 102.1 (±5.1) 0.65 (±0.11) 0.45 (±0.02)