Table 1.

Comparison of the evaporation rates of previously reported SSGs in the literature.

Reference#	Year	Authors	Materials	Solar power	Evaporation rate [kgm−2 h−1]
[11]	2021	Zhou et al.	Graphene	1 sun	2.67
[12]	2021	Sun et al.	Carbon (corncob)	1 sun	4.16
[13]	2022	Li et al.	Carbon black	1 sun	1.26
[14]	2022	Li et al.	CNTs	1 sun	2.13
[15]	2022	Xiong et al.	Carbon (bagasse)	1 sun	1.36
[16]	2022	Saad et al.	Biochar	1 sun	1.49
[17]	2022	Chen et al.	rGO	1 sun	1.65
[18]	2022	Li et al.	rGO/SiC	1 sun	1.4
[19]	2022	Sun et al.	Ammonium persulfate	1 sun	1.73
[20]	2022	Yuan et al.	Carbon black	1 sun	1.33
[21]	2023	Shi et al.	Carbon (cellulose)	1 sun	1.25
[22]	2023	Xie et al.	Tannic acid complex	1 sun	1.79
[23]	2023	Guo et al.	Carbon (fallen leaves)	1 sun	1.5
[24]	2023	Li et al.	Graphene	1 sun	1.778
[25]	2023	Hu et al.	MXene nanosheet	1 sun	4.31
[26]	2023	Noureen et al.	rGO	1 sun	1.7
[27]	2024	Luo et al.	Carbon (candle soot)	1 sun	1.67
[28]	2024	Zheng et al.	Oxygen‐doped microporous carbon	1 sun	2.44
[29]	2024	Zhou et al.	rGO	1 sun	1.68
[30]	2024	Pan et al.	Carbon black	1 sun	1.56
[31]	2024	Chen et al.	Carbon (potato lamella)	1 sun	1.36
[32]	2025	Jing et al.	Asphalt	1 sun	1.59
[38]	2021	Song et al.	Fe3O4	1 sun	1.3
[39]	2021	Shi et al.	Carbon (melamine), plasmonic silver nanoparticles	1 sun	1.25
[40]	2021	He et al.	MOFs‐derived carbon	1 sun	2.07
[41]	2022	Fan et al.	Polydopamine, silver nanoparticles	1 sun	1.70
[42]	2022	Chen et al.	Aluminum	1 sun	1.24
[43]	2022	Soo Joo et al.	Plasmonic silicon nanowires	1 sun	1.12
[45]	2023	Yuan et al.	In2S3‐modified $Mo{S}_2$ nanosheet	1 sun	1.56
[46]	2024	Zuo et al.	Carbon (coal powder)	1 sun	3.6
This work			Carbon (waste fabric)	1 sun	2.66