Table 2.
Detection of commonly used antimicrobials and bioactive chemicals in agroecosystems.
| Contaminant type | Residue | Sample | Detection methods | Limit of detection | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antimicrobials | Tetracycline, oxytetracycline and penicillin-G | Livestock | LC/MS/MS, and LC-ESI-QqQ | 1.36, 1.66, and 2.89 µg/kg | [142] |
| Tetracyclines, macrolides, and sulfonamides | Soil | HPLC-MS/MS | 0.01 − 2.00 μg/kg | [143] | |
| Fluoroquinolone, quinolone, lincosamide, macrolide, nitroimidazole, pyrimidine, sulfonamide and tetracycline | Soil and poultry manure | LC-MS/MS | 3 μg/kg | [51] | |
| Flumequine, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, lincomycin, doxycycline, and oxytetracycline | Calf slurry and calf farmyard manure | UHPLC-MS/MS | 40 and 210 µg/kg | [53] | |
| Nitroimidazoles, lincosamides, quinolones, sulfonamides, inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, pleuromutilin, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory drugs | Natural springs | UHPLC-QqLIT-MS | 0.31 − 3.6 ng/L | [144] | |
| Sulfonamides, quinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, thiamphenicol, and lincomycin | Soil from vegetable fields | HPLC-MS/MS | 0.1 − 20.0 μg/kg | [145] | |
| Sulfamethoxazole | Soil amended with cattle manure | HPLC-UV, LC-MS/MS, and ESI | 0.3 and 0.4 μg/kg | [146] | |
| Bioactive chemicals | Tricyclazole (fungicide), butachlor (herbicide), and clothianidin (insecticide) | Rice fields | GC-ECD andHPLC | 0.005 mg/L | [147] |
| Phytochemicals | Leaves | MALDI-HRMS | Not available | [148] | |
| Pesticides | Soil | HPLC-MS/MS | 0.01 − 2.0 μg/kg | [143] | |
| Hormones | Cattle and pig slurry | ESI-LC-MS/MS | 1.3 − 6.3 ng/L | [55] | |
| Pesticides | Wheat farm | LC-MS/MS | 0.037 and 36 μg/kg | [149] | |
| Hormones | Crop fields | SPE-LC-MS/MS | Not available | [57] | |
| Pesticides | Vegetables | LC-MS/MS and GC–MS/MS | 1.0 − 2.5 µg/kg | [150] | |
| Hormones | Animal manure, mushroom compost, and biosolids | SPE-GC/MS | Not available | [56] | |
| Pesticides | Cropland soils | HPLC-MS/MS coupled with GC–MS/MS | 0.01 − 0.30 ng/L | [45] | |
| Pesticides | Vegetables | GC-MSD | 0.01 − 0.07 mg/kg | [39] | |
| Steroids | Swine farms | SPE-ESI-UHPLC-MS/MS | Not available | [59] | |
| Pesticides | Chinese vegetables | GC–MS and UHPLC-MS/MS | 0.001 − 0.005 mg/kg | [35] | |
| Organophosphorus pesticides | Soil | USL-SPE/DSLLME | 0.012 and 0.2 ng/g | [151] |
DSLLME, dispersive-solidification liquid–liquid microextraction; ECD, electron capture detector; ESI, electrospray ionization; G.C., gas chromatography; GC–MSD, gas chromatography coupled with a mass selective detector; GC–MS/MS, gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry; HPLC-UV, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to an ultraviolet detector; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry; LC- ESI-QqQ, liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer; MALDI-HRMS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry; MRM, multiple reaction monitoring; SPE, solid phase extraction; UHPLC-MS/MS, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; UHPLC-QqLIT-MS, ultra-high-performance-liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometer; USL-SPE, ultrasound leaching-solid phase extraction.