Table 3.

Removal efficiency of antimicrobial and bioactive chemical residues from agricultural and environmental samples using various treatment methods.

Contaminant type	Residues	Sample	Removal method and conditions	Remarks	References
Antimicrobials	Sulfadimidine, roxithromycin, doxycycline, tylosin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole	Digested piggery wastewater	Biofilm membrane bioreactor; duration: 191 days; pH: 6–8; and dissolved oxygen: <5 mg L−1	86.8 % removal rate	[170]
	Fluoroquinolones, enrofloxacin (ENR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and sulfonamide, sulfamethoxazole (SMX)	Manure and digestate from a biogas plant in a cattle farm	Phytoremediation with plant pots filled with 500  g cattle manure-amended soil	CIP and SMX removal up to 55–79 % and 70–85 %	[171]
	Tetracyclines, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and antibiotic-resistant genes, sul1 and sul2	Dairy manure	Advanced anaerobic digestion	Roughly 5 % and 10 % removal of sul1 and sul2 genes	[172]
	Tetracyclines, quinolones, and sulfonamides	Swine manure	Anaerobic digestion and composting on an industrial scale	> 97 % removal rate	[173]
	Doxycycline	Pig manure and digestate	Anaerobic digestion	61 % and 76 % removal rates in pig manure and digestate	[174]
	Sulfonamides	Swine manure	Composting process	The thermophilic aerobic composting technique effectively removed sulfonamides by reducing their half-lives to less than 3 days	[175]
	Veterinary antibiotics	Broiler manure	Composting process	After 40 days of composting, the manure had lost more than 99 % of the 9 antibiotics and 1 hormone	[176]
	28 multiple-class veterinary antibiotics	On-farm pig slurry	Batch reactor with a nitrification–denitrification process and solid–liquid separation	Tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones demonstrated intermediate removals (50 and 40 %), whereas lincomycin had the highest removal, reaching 100 %	[177]
Bioactive chemicals	Steroid hormones and pesticide residues	Agricultural wastewater	Membrane distillation-enzymatic membrane bioreactor	>90 % removal rate	[178]
	Organo-phosphorous pesticides	Soil	Three bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, and Enterobactor ludwigii isolated from domestic sewage	Combined bacterial cultures were more effective at removing pesticides from soil and broth	[168]
	Diazinon	Aqueous solution	Coconut shell-modified biochar; adsorbent dose of 5.0 g/L chemically modified phosphoric acid; and pH 7	98.96 % diazinon removal	[179]
	Oxyfluorfen, tebuconazole, and metalaxyl	Agricultural soil	Vermicompost-based bioremediation platforms with 4 fungal strains and 6 bacterial derived from wine and olive oil wastes	7.7, 1.6, and 3.8-fold removal rates for oxyfluorfen, tebuconazole, and metalaxyl	[180]
	Estrone and 17β-estradiol	Manure-containing water	Vegetable oil capture procedure containing eight vegetable oils	94–98 % and 88–97 % removal rates for estrone and 17β-estradiol	[181]
	7β-estradiol	Waste samples such as manure-applied soil, composted manure, and poultry and livestock wastes	Bioremediation with bacterial co-culture of the genus of Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas, isolated from manure	>90 % removal rate	[182]
	Atrazine	Aqueous solutions	Submerged biological aerated filter	97.9 % and 98.9 % removal rates	[183]
	Dicofol	Aqueous solutions	Novel photocatalyst fabricated nanocomposite, MoS2/ZnS@NSC	Fabrication of pure nanocomposites and the outcomes of photocatalysispromote the complete removal of dicofol	[184]
	Estrogens	Livestock wastewaters	Constructed wetlands	90 % removal rate	[185]
	Acephate	Aqueous solutions	Novel green mesoporous MCM-41 nanocomposite and Co3O4 from silica gel extractedchemically from rice husk	Complete removal of various acephate concentrations (50 mg/L after 40 min), (100 mg/L after 60 min), (150 mg/L after 100 min), and (200 mg/L after 140 min)	[186]
	Fungicides	Grapes, pomaces, musts, and lees	Whitewine-making process involving the vinification of white grapes	90 % − 99 % removal rate	[187]