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. 2025 Jul 14;16:1525582. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1525582

Table 8.

Comparison of perceived freedom in leisure and multifaceted leadership orientation scale scores according to individuals' years of participation in recreational activities.

Subdimensions Years N M ±Sd f p LSD
Perceived freedom in leisure 0–2a 93 102.25 ± 5.65 5.982 0.001 a < d
b < d
c < d
3–5b 193 102.36 ± 5.96
6–8c 238 102.55 ± 5.07
9 and aboved 109 103.59 ± 6.48
Political leadership 0–2a 93 13.76 ± 4.34 4.986 0.002 a < b
a < c
a < d
3–5b 193 15.03 ± 3.42
6–8c 238 15.13 ± 4.09
9 and aboved 109 15.39 ± 3.92
Human resource leadership 0–2a 93 14.24 ± 4.07 5.722 0.001 a < b
a < c
b>d
3–5b 193 16.16 ± 3.55
6–8c 238 15.85 ± 4.26
9 and aboved 109 15.24 ± 3.57
Charismatic leadership 0–2a 93 14.92 ± 4.38 1.931 0.123 -
3–5b 193 15.36 ± 4.40
6–8c 238 16.03 ± 4.10
9 and aboved 109 15.83 ± 3.95
Structural leadership 0–2a 93 12.08 ± 3.21 6.377 < 0.001 a < b
a < d
b>c
3–5b 193 13.59 ± 3.20
6–8c 238 12.60 ± 3.06
9 and aboved 109 13.27 ± 3.11

M, Mean; Sd, Standard Deviation; f, F-value; p, p-value; LSD, Least Significant Difference. p < 0.05. Bold numbers are used to emphasize significant differences. Letters were used to indicate the differences between the variables on the left side of the tables.