Table 2.
Association of urine mVOCs with sarcopenia in all participants and their subgroup after adjusting for all covariates.
| mVOCs | Odds ratios (95% CI) | P for trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| 2MHA | ||||||
| Overall | 1.19 (0.99–1.43) | Ref | 0.74 (0.43–1.28) | 1.30 (0.78–2.17) | 1.58 (0.90–2.78) | 0.071 |
| Male | 0.90 (0.58–1.38) | Ref | 0.41 (0.11–1.51) | 0.92 (0.28–3.06) | 0.65 (0.17–2.54) | 0.555 |
| Female | 1.28 (1.04–1.58) | Ref | 0.84 (0.45–1.56) | 1.64 (0.92–2.93) | 2.11 (1.11–4.04)* | 0.024 |
| Age (20–40) | 0.91 (0.67–1.24) | Ref | 0.62 (0.28–1.39) | 0.71 (0.30–1.66) | 0.72 (0.27–1.88) | 0.671 |
| Age (>40) | 1.37 (1.09–1.73) * | Ref | 0.81 (0.37–1.76) | 2.39 (1.19–4.79) | 2.45 (1.15–5.25) | 0.005 |
| 3,4-MHA | ||||||
| Overall | 1.32 (1.10–1.59) * | Ref | 1.39 (0.80–2.41) | 1.67 (0.95–2.96) | 2.64 (1.46–4.74)* | 0.012 |
| Male | 1.17 (0.74–1.87) | Ref | 1.41 (0.40–4.98) | 1.95 (0.51–7.48) | 1.78 (0.40–7.93) | 0.792 |
| Female | 1.37 (1.11–1.69) * | Ref | 1.29 (0.69–2.41) | 2.00 (1.08–3.72)* | 3.07 (1.59–5.96)* | 0.005 |
| Age (20–40) | 1.08 (0.80–1.46) | Ref | 0.82 (0.36–1.90) | 0.86 (0.33–2.21) | 1.49 (0.62–3.58) | 0.574 |
| Age (>40) | 1.46 (1.14–1.86) * | Ref | 1.36 (0.63–2.92) | 2.89 (1.36–6.14)* | 3.43 (1.52–7.75)* | 0.005 |
| AAMA | ||||||
| Overall | 1.11 (0.83–1.48) | Ref | 1.21 (0.71–2.05) | 1.29 (0.76–2.18) | 1.08 (0.57–2.02) | 0.787 |
| Male | 2.10 (1.08–4.09)* | Ref | 1.13 (0.30–4.26) | 2.15 (0.60–7.76) | 2.65 (0.61–11.63) | 0.435 |
| Female | 0.92 (0.67–1.27) | Ref | 1.49 (0.82–2.68) | 1.24 (0.68–2.25) | 0.94 (0.47–1.89) | 0.440 |
| Age (20–40) | 1.10 (0.71–1.72) | Ref | 0.92 (0.39–2.16) | 1.09 (0.46–2.61) | 1.17 (0.44–3.07) | 0.963 |
| Age (>40) | 1.12 (0.75–1.66) | Ref | 1.45 (0.71–2.93) | 1.42 (0.71–2.86) | 0.99 (0.42–2.34) | 0.584 |
| AMCC | ||||||
| Overall | 1.50 (1.11–2.02) * | Ref | 1.09 (0.59–2.03) | 1.76 (0.98–3.18) | 1.93 (0.99–3.78) | 0.086 |
| Male | 2.65 (1.24–5.66) * | Ref | 2.21 (0.38–12.77) | 5.38 (1.04–27.53) * | 7.91 (1.16–53.87)* | 0.100 |
| Female | 1.32 (0.94–1.84) | Ref | 1.19 (0.63–2.26) | 1.52 (0.80–2.86) | 1.65 (0.78–3.51) | 0.494 |
| Age (20–40) | 1.43 (0.89–2.32) | Ref | 0.44 (0.16–1.23) | 1.38 (0.61–3.15) | 1.59 (0.57–4.46) | 0.103 |
| Age (>40) | 1.70 (1.13–2.56) * | Ref | 3.49 (1.43–8.55)* | 3.13 (1.23–7.97)* | 4.69 (1.65–13.30)* | 0.024 |
| ATCA | ||||||
| Overall | 1.47 (1.14–1.90) * | Ref | 1.41 (0.67–2.99) | 1.06 (0.50–2.26) | 2.62 (1.28–5.38)* | 0.001 |
| Male | 1.20 (0.73–1.95) | Ref | 0.78 (0.19–3.13) | 1.37 (0.39–4.84) | 1.11 (0.32–3.90) | 0.867 |
| Female | 1.62 (1.19–2.20) | Ref | 1.07 (0.53–2.18) | 1.76 (0.92–3.36) | 2.39 (1.25–4.58)* | 0.018 |
| Age (20–40) | 1.33 (0.86–2.06) | Ref | 1.16 (0.31–4.36) | 1.40 (0.39–5.04) | 2.11 (0.61–7.33) | 0.450 |
| Age (>40) | 1.66 (1.19–2.31) * | Ref | 1.23 (0.48–3.13) | 0.97 (0.38–2.48) | 3.26 (1.32–8.03)* | 0.001 |
| SBMA | ||||||
| Overall | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) | Ref | 0.81 (0.47–1.38) | 0.73 (0.42–1.26) | 0.82 (0.48–1.38) | 0.720 |
| Male | 1.12 (0.68–1.84) | Ref | 0.69 (0.19–2.56) | 1.06 (0.32–3.54) | 0.80 (0.23–2.83) | 0.907 |
| Female | 0.94 (0.74–1.20) | Ref | 1.04 (0.58–1.87) | 0.88 (0.48–1.61) | 1.09 (0.61–1.95) | 0.905 |
| Age (20–40) | 1.02 (0.73–1.43) | Ref | 0.64 (0.24–1.71) | 0.92 (0.38–2.21) | 1.14 (0.49–2.68) | 0.659 |
| Age (>40) | 0.96 (0.71–1.30) | Ref | 0.89 (0.45–1.78) | 0.80 (0.39–1.66) | 0.85 (0.42–1.71) | 0.940 |
| CEMA | ||||||
| Overall | 1.64 (1.22–2.19) * | Ref | 1.49 (0.82–2.70) | 2.66 (1.50–4.72) * | 2.75 (1.48–5.10)* | 0.002 |
| Male | 1.89 (0.88–4.03) | Ref | 0.80 (0.21–3.10) | 1.40 (0.37–5.33) | 2.94 (0.77–11.19) | 0.235 |
| Female | 1.58 (1.14–2.18) * | Ref | 1.41 (0.71–2.82) | 3.50 (1.82–6.73) * | 2.45 (1.18–5.09)* | 0.000 |
| Age (20–40) | 1.77 (1.12–2.78) * | Ref | 1.61 (0.64–4.03) | 2.01 (0.81–4.98) | 2.80 (1.08–7.28)* | 0.197 |
| Age (>40) | 1.66 (1.10–2.50) * | Ref | 1.20 (0.55–2.64) | 2.92 (1.41–6.06)* | 1.98 (0.85–4.62) | 0.013 |
| CYMA | ||||||
| Overall | 1.17 (1.01–1.36) * | Ref | 1.41 (0.85–2.34) | 1.48 (0.87–2.52) | 2.77 (1.25–6.15)* | 0.086 |
| Male | 1.48 (1.11–1.99) * | Ref | 1.59 (0.48–5.25) | 1.23 (0.32–4.82) | 7.21 (1.28–40.68)* | 0.140 |
| Female | 1.09 (0.91–1.31) | Ref | 1.39 (0.78–2.48) | 1.69 (0.94–3.05) | 1.65 (0.69–3.97) | 0.352 |
| Age (20–40) | 1.34 (1.06–1.69) * | Ref | 0.81 (0.34–1.94) | 1.47 (0.62–3.49) | 5.02 (1.56–16.13) * | 0.020 |
| Age (>40) | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) | Ref | 2.01 (1.01–4.01)* | 1.76 (0.87–3.55) | 2.14 (0.66–6.89) | 0.212 |
| DHBMA | ||||||
| Overall | 1.65 (0.98–2.77) | Ref | 1.62 (0.84–3.09) | 1.96 (1.03–3.71) | 1.78 (0.92–3.47) | 0.228 |
| Male | 2.33 (0.66–8.18) | Ref | 0.38 (0.06–2.33) | 2.08 (0.56–7.76) | 2.27 (0.57–9.03) | 0.129 |
| Female | 1.51 (0.84–2.71) | Ref | 1.76 (0.91–3.40) | 1.69 (0.87–3.28) | 1.26 (0.61–2.58) | 0.272 |
| Age (20–40) | 2.09 (0.88–4.99) | Ref | 0.96 (0.31–2.96) | 3.56 (1.38–9.17)* | 1.57 (0.54–4.60) | 0.005 |
| Age (>40) | 1.61 (0.83–3.15) | Ref | 0.72 (0.32–1.62) | 1.38 (0.65–2.95) | 1.09 (0.49–2.41) | 0.320 |
| 2HPMA | ||||||
| Overall | 1.19 (0.98–1.45) | Ref | 1.21 (0.71–2.05) | 1.34 (0.77–2.34) | 1.76 (1.00–3.10) * | 0.253 |
| Male | 1.62 (1.10–2.40) * | Ref | 1.12 (0.28–4.56) | 2.31 (0.62–8.64) | 3.44 (0.92–12.90) | 0.211 |
| Female | 1.09 (0.86–1.38) | Ref | 1.47 (0.82–2.65) | 1.40 (0.75–2.61) | 1.82 (0.94–3.52) | 0.342 |
| Age (20–40) | 1.18 (0.89–1.57) | Ref | 0.31 (0.11–0.90) | 1.01 (0.44–2.31) | 1.44 (0.62–3.34) | 0.039 |
| Age (>40) | 1.19 (0.89–1.59) | Ref | 2.28 (1.13–4.62)* | 1.79 (0.82–3.91) | 2.10 (0.93–4.76) | 0.134 |
| 3HPMA | ||||||
| Overall | 1.45 (1.12–1.88) * | Ref | 1.29 (0.73–2.27) | 2.03 (1.18–3.48)* | 2.13 (1.12–4.04)* | 0.034 |
| Male | 1.91 (0.99–3.71) | Ref | 1.82 (0.40–8.25) | 5.18 (1.21–22.19) | 4.14 (0.72–23.75) | 0.110 |
| Female | 1.37 (1.03–1.82) * | Ref | 0.98 (0.52–1.84) | 1.67 (0.91–3.05) | 1.91 (0.94–3.88) | 0.108 |
| Age (20–40) | 1.90 (1.28–2.81) * | Ref | 0.92 (0.35–2.44) | 2.06 (0.86–4.92) | 2.98 (1.13–7.91)* | 0.057 |
| Age (>40) | 1.28 (0.88–1.85) | Ref | 0.97 (0.47–2.01) | 1.75 (0.88–3.49) | 1.52 (0.60–3.84) | 0.276 |
| MA | ||||||
| Overall | 1.26 (0.89–1.79) | Ref | 1.05 (0.61–1.82) | 1.42 (0.84–2.41) | 1.30 (0.71–2.38) | 0.527 |
| Male | 1.01 (0.41–2.49) | Ref | 1.30 (0.34–4.96) | 0.66 (0.15–3.03) | 2.20 (0.50–9.64) | 0.399 |
| Female | 1.29 (0.87–1.90) | Ref | 1.11 (0.62–2.00) | 1.29 (0.72–2.32) | 1.17 (0.60–2.28) | 0.862 |
| Age (20–40) | 1.64 (0.91–2.97) | Ref | 0.89 (0.36–2.20) | 1.06 (0.43–2.59) | 1.66 (0.64–4.34) | 0.590 |
| Age (>40) | 1.14 (0.72–1.80) | Ref | 0.99 (0.48–2.06) | 1.67 (0.84–3.32) | 1.18 (0.51–2.74) | 0.360 |
| MHBMA3 | ||||||
| Overall | 1.28 (0.99–1.65) | Ref | 1.32 (0.78–2.23) | 1.19 (0.68–2.09) | 2.83 (1.47–5.47)* | 0.012 |
| Male | 1.43 (0.78–2.62) | Ref | 0.81 (0.23–2.86) | 1.02 (0.29–3.68) | 3.61 (0.84–15.62) | 0.201 |
| Female | 1.25 (0.94–1.66) | Ref | 1.21 (0.68–2.18) | 1.20 (0.64–2.23) | 2.08 (1.01–4.28)* | 0.240 |
| Age (20–40) | 1.71 (1.14–2.55) * | Ref | 0.79 (0.31–1.99) | 1.44 (0.58–3.59) | 5.01 (1.92–13.06) * | 0.001 |
| Age (>40) | 1.15 (0.81–1.62) | Ref | 1.40 (0.71–2.75) | 1.15 (0.56–2.36) | 1.85 (0.70–4.84) | 0.561 |
| PGA | ||||||
| Overall | 1.54 (1.02–2.33) * | Ref | 1.31 (0.72–2.39) | 1.82 (1.01–3.30) * | 1.93 (0.99–3.74) | 0.141 |
| Male | 2.08 (0.85–5.09) | Ref | 1.12 (0.29–4.33) | 1.57 (0.40–6.25) | 2.95 (0.72–12.07) | 0.430 |
| Female | 1.41 (0.87–2.30) | Ref | 1.11 (0.60–2.05) | 1.42 (0.78–2.60) | 1.69 (0.86–3.34) | 0.416 |
| Age (20–40) | 2.30 (1.20–4.39) * | Ref | 3.01 (0.96–9.44) | 5.06 (1.68–15.22) * | 5.03 (1.49–16.95) * | 0.028 |
| Age (>40) | 1.30 (0.76–2.24) | Ref | 0.86 (0.41–1.81) | 1.43 (0.72–2.86) | 1.52 (0.67–3.46) | 0.374 |
| HMPMA | ||||||
| Overall | 1.36 (1.03–1.79) * | Ref | 1.29 (0.73–2.29) | 1.58 (0.90–2.76) | 2.01 (0.99–4.07) | 0.236 |
| Male | 1.99 (1.00–3.99) * | Ref | 0.61 (0.14–2.61) | 2.08 (0.60–7.27) | 2.65 (0.50–14.03) | 0.235 |
| Female | 1.26 (0.93–1.72) | Ref | 1.64 (0.89–3.03) | 1.30 (0.69–2.46) | 1.72 (0.78–3.78) | 0.373 |
| Age (20–40) | 1.85 (1.23–2.80) * | Ref | 1.62 (0.58–4.51) | 3.33 (1.27–8.68)* | 4.56 (1.53–13.62) * | 0.020 |
| Age (>40) | 1.17 (0.79–1.72) | Ref | 1.08 (0.54–2.17) | 0.96 (0.46–2.01) | 1.69 (0.63–4.57) | 0.657 |
*P value < 0.05.
Models were adjusted for gender, age, race, education, family PIR, marital status, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol drinking, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, white blood cell, alkaline phosphotase, platelet, serum vitamin D, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Continuous, ln-transformed concentration of variables; CI, confidence interval; Q, quartile; mVOCs, metabolites of volatile organic compounds.
The bold values indicate statistical significance.