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. 2025 Jul 15;16:1606001. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1606001

FIGURE 1.

Environmental factors such as diet, antibiotics, pollution, physical inactivity, and disease influence gut microbiota, impacting human physiology. This leads to neurological, psychiatric, cardiovascular, endocrine, digestive disorders, and others like cancer and kidney disease. The balance between beneficial, neutral, and harmful bacteria is crucial, with dysbiosis contributing to various health issues.

Relationship between gut microbiota and humans (Zuo et al., 2023). Left: Multiple environmental factors, encompassing diet, antibiotics, pollution, physical inactivity, and disease, may engender perturbations in the gut microbiota. Right: Gut microbiota aberrations have been linked to a myriad of morbidities, spanning neuropsychiatric disorders, cardiovascular afflictions, gastrointestinal ailments, diseases arising from environmental and nutritional factors, endocrinopathies, and more.