Table 2.

Nanomaterials based thin film nanocomposite membranes performances.

Polymer	Inorganic filler	NP conc. (g)	Water flux (LMH)	Main finding	Ref
PES	TiO2	5.00	34.30	Internal concentration remains a challenge in FO process	28
PSf	ZIF-8	0.2	1.39	NPs became larger after PSS coating ZIF-8 particles lost their stability due to degradation and agglomeration in water during PSS coating	29
PSf	CNT	0.01	37.00	Increasing NP concentration affects the interfacial polymerization process and change the selectivity of the membranes Full-scale application is limited by high fabrication costs and environmental concerns	24,30,31
PSf	SiO2	0.05	22.50	A critical need for optimizing the silica nanoparticle loading was required, overloading of silica was not advantageous for FO performance and even has the negative impact on the membrane properties	30,32
PES	MAX phase	0.025	7.57	No significant change observed in the porosity of membrane when varying the MAX content. While a dramatic change was witnessed in the pore size when increasing the MAX phase content from 0.025 to 0.075 wt%	26
CA	MXene	4.00	125.10	The development of more facile and efficient techniques for the large-scale production of MXene-membranes are required Tuning the membrane characteristics, and applications in real conditions are the major challenges	27