Table 1.

PICO framework for systematic search study

Questions	Population	Intervention	Comparison	Outcome
What are the most common dental problems in children with ASD?	Children with autism	Identifying most common dental problems in children with ASD	Typically developing children	Understanding autism-related dental problems
What are the main challenges in managing dental health in children with autism?	Children with autism	Identifying key barriers (behavioral, sensory, dietary, and communication challenges)	Typically developing children	Understanding autism-specific dental care needs
How effective are behavioral and sensory adaptation techniques in improving dental care compliance?	Children with autism	Use of desensitization techniques, visual aids, and social stories	Standard dental care approaches	Improved cooperation and reduced dental anxiety
Can oral probiotics help in reducing dental caries and periodontal disease in children with ASD?	Children with autism	Administration of dental probiotics	Standard fluoride and antimicrobial treatments	Reduced dental caries, improved oral microbiome balance
How can interdisciplinary collaboration improve dental care for children with autism?	Dentists, pediatricians, behavioral therapists	Integrated care approach	Standalone dental care	Enhanced dental outcomes and reduced stress for children
What role does parental education and involvement play in improving oral hygiene for children with ASD?	Parents of children with autism	Parent training programs on oral care	No structured parental guidance	Better at-home oral hygiene practices
How do modified dental tools and techniques (e.g., weighted blankets, noise-canceling headphones) improve dental experiences for children with ASD?	Children with autism	Use of specialized dental equipment and techniques	Conventional dental setting	Reduced sensory overload, improved compliance
Can digital tools (e.g., mobile apps, virtual reality) improve dental visits for children with autism?	Children with autism	Implementation of telehealth, VR simulations, and mobile applications	Traditional in-person consultations	Reduced dental anxiety and increased familiarity with dental procedures

ASD: Autism spectrum disorder; VR simulations: Virtual reality simulations.