Table 13.

Role of oral (Dental) probiotics in managing dental problems in children with autism spectrum disorder

Dental issue	Challenges in children with ASD	Role of oral probiotics	Common probiotic strains
Dental caries (Cavities)	Preference for sugary, soft foods; difficulty in oral hygiene	Inhibits S. mutans, lowers oral pH, produces antimicrobial compounds	Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Periodontal disease (Gingivitis & Periodontitis)	Poor brushing & flossing; plaque buildup	Reduces inflammation, inhibits P. gingivalis, decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines	L. reuteri, Streptococcus salivarius
Halitosis (Bad Breath)	Poor oral hygiene, medication-induced dry mouth	Reduces odor-producing bacteria, neutralizes volatile sulfur compounds	S. salivarius K12, L. reuteri
Enamel erosion	GERD, acidic dietary habits	Increases saliva production, enhances buffering capacity of saliva	L. reuteri, Bifidobacterium spp.
Xerostomia (Dry Mouth)	Medication side effects reducing saliva production	Stimulates saliva flow, maintains oral moisture	L. reuteri, S. salivarius
Oral candidiasis (Thrush)	Immune dysregulation, prolonged antibiotic use	Inhibits Candida albicans overgrowth, supports oral microbiome balance	L. reuteri, Bifidobacterium spp.
Bruxism (Teeth Grinding)	Sensory sensitivities, stress, sleep disturbances	Promotes oral tissue repair, reduces inflammation in gum tissues	L. reuteri, L. paracasei

ASD: Autism spectrum disorder; L. reuteri: Lactobacillus reuteri; L. paracasei: Lactobacillus paracasei; P. gingivalis: Porphyromonas gingivalis; S. mutans: Streptococcus mutans; S. salivarius: Streptococcus salivarius; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.