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. 2025 Jul 15;16:1602819. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1602819

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Copyright © 2025 Mykhailenko, Jalil, Uminska, Ivanauskas, Gudžinskas and Heinrich.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line graph showing the content (in mg/g) of six compounds over time from April 28 to October 3. Isoquercitrin (pink) peaks in early July. Isomyricitrin (yellow) and hyperoside (purple) show moderate peaks in June and July. Other compounds, including avicularin (teal), guajaverin (orange), and myricetin (green), remain relatively low throughout. Dates mark phenological phases. — Mean content (mg/g) of flavonoids in leaves of Epilobium hirsutum at different sampling dates and phenological phases in all habitats combined. The colour chart indicating the phenological phases is explained in Figure 1.