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. 2025 Jul 15;16:1602819. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1602819

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Copyright © 2025 Mykhailenko, Jalil, Uminska, Ivanauskas, Gudžinskas and Heinrich.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Two line graphs show the content of oenothein A and B over time. Graph A, in magenta, reveals low content until a spike in early June and a sharp increase in early October. Graph B, in teal, shows fluctuations with peaks in early May, early June, and mid-July. Dates and phenological phases are on the x-axes. — Mean content (mg/g) of tannins, oenothein A (A) and oenothein B (B), in leaves of Epilobium hirsutum at different sampling dates and phenological phases in all habitats combined. The colour chart indicating the phenological phases is explained in Figure 1.