Skip to main content
. 2025 Jul 28;7(1):53. doi: 10.1186/s42466-025-00409-9

Table 3.

Between-group comparison after adjusting for age

PD-MCT GCT ∆GCT—PD-MCT
n M SE N M SE MD p partial η2
Disease duration, a 102 7.87 0.67 100 9.49 0.68 1.62 0.113
LED, mg 101 793.26 42.73 87 709.37 46.48 − 83.90 0.212
MDS-UPDRS III (0–132) 102 31.29 1.42 82 31.29 1.61 0.00 1.000
SPPB (0–12) 102 8.53 0.21 87 6.68 0.23 − 1.84  < 0.001 0.14
FES-I (16–64) 98 26.36 1.09 77 31.10 1.25 4.75 0.008 0.04
EQ-5D-5L Index (0–1) 100 0.71 0.02 67 0.65 0.03 − 0.07 0.091
EQ-5D-5L VAS (0–100) 101 59.80 2.00 70 49.89 2.45 − 9.91 0.003 0.05
MoCA (0–30) 98 23.36 0.39 93 22.95 0.40 − 0.41 0.495
TMT B-A, s 92 68.79 7.34 74 113.44 8.30 44.66  < 0.001 0.08
Straight Walk Normal Pace T1
Number of Steps 100 35.89 1.14 97 35.27 1.16 − 0.61 0.724
Velocity, m/s 100 1.05 0.03 97 0.89 0.03 − 0.16  < 0.001 0.07
Step length, m 100 0.59 0.01 97 0.58 0.01 − 0.01 0.538
Stride length, m 100 1.17 0.03 97 1.15 0.03 − 0.02 0.611
Cadence, steps/s 100 1.69 0.02 97 1.73 0.02 0.04 0.248
Step time, s 100 0.61 0.02 97 0.60 0.02 − 0.01 0.085
Stride time, s 100 1.21 0.06 97 1.19 0.06 − 0.02 0.834
Single Limb Support, s 100 0.74 0.04 97 0.74 0.04 − 0.01 0.911
Double Limb Support, s 100 0.45 0.02 97 0.44 0.02 − 0.01 0.817
Step time variability 100 0.09 0.01 97 0.09 0.02 − 0.01 0.757
Double Limb Support Variability 100 0.08 0.01 97 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.856
Asymmetry 100 0.04 0.01 97 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.087
Straight Walk Fast Pace T1
Number of Steps 80 33.03 0.43 71 39.25 0.46 6.21  < 0.001 0.36
Velocity, m/s 80 1.51 0.04 71 1.17 0.05 − 0.33  < 0.001 0.14
Step length, m 80 0.59 0.01 71 0.54 0.01 − 0.05  < 0.001 0.14
Stride length, m 80 1.16 0.01 71 1.07 0.01 − 0.09  < 0.001 0.12
Cadence, steps/s 80 1.77 0.02 71 1.85 0.02 0.07 0.026 0.03
Step time, s 80 0.56 0.01 71 0.55 0.01 − 0.01 0.465
Stride time, s 80 1.10 0.01 71 1.10 0.01 0.00 0.903
Single Limb Support, s 80 0.68 0.01 71 0.66 0.01 − 0.02 0.134
Double Limb Support, s 80 0.42 0.00 71 0.41 0.01 − 0.01 0.274
Step time variability 80 0.08 0.01 71 0.07 0.01 − 0.01 0.580
Double Limb Support Variability 80 0.07 0.01 71 0.06 0.01 − 0.01 0.538
Asymmetry 80 0.03 0.01 71 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.247

Significant between-group differences in changes (p < 0.05) are highlighted in bold

M mean, SE standard error, MD difference of means

PD-MCT Parkinson’s Disease Multimodal Complex Therapy, GCT Geriatric Complex Therapy

LED Daily Levodopa equivalent dose,

MDS-UPDRS III Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III: motor examination,

SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery, FES-I Falls Efficacy Scale International,

EQ-5D-5L Index EuroQol 5 Dimensions-5 Level Index Value,

EQ-5D-5L VAS EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment,

TMT B-A Trail Making Test Part B—Part A