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. 2025 Jul 16;12:1625742. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1625742

Table 2.

Diagnostic reliability of clinical red flags for RA-ILD.

Variables Sensitivity Specificity PPV NPV Accuracy p-value
Dyspnea, (%) 63.5 60 60 63.5 61.7 0.0203
Cough, (%) 57.7 54.6 54.6 57.7 56.1 0.2474
Crackles, (%) 66.7 57.4 47.3 75 60.1 0.0265
Dyspnea or cough, (%) 62 63.6 71 53.4 59.6 0.0111
Dyspnea or crackles, (%) 63.3 63.8 69.1 57.7 63.5 0.0066
Cough or crackles, (%) 57.1 55 58.1 53.9 56.1 0.2481
Dyspnea and cough, (%) 58.5 53 43.6 67.3 55.1 0.3202
Dyspnea and crackles, (%) 67.7 55.3 38.2 81 58.9 0.0351
Cough and crackles, (%) 64.5 54 36.4 79 57 0.092
Dyspnea and cough and crackles, (%) 64.3 53.2 32.7 81 56.1 0.1284

Significant p values are indicated in bold.