TABLE 5.

Mechanistic advantages of green-synthesized MNPs in wound healing.

Type of G-MNP	Biological source	Key mechanism	Observed outcome
AgNPs	Azadirachta indica	Antimicrobial, fibroblast proliferation	Faster wound closure (Singh et al., 2018)
ZnONPs	Ocimum sanctum	Anti-inflammatory, ROS reduction	Enhanced epithelialization (Hamed et al., 2023)
AuNPs	Salvia officinalis	Angiogenesis via VEGF upregulation	Improved granulation (Cucci et al., 2021)
CuNPs	Green algae sp	Broad-spectrum antibacterial	Reduced infection at wound site (Pourmadadi et al., 2024)