TABLE 6.

Representative translational examples.

G-MNP type	Biological origin	Formulation	Wound model	Translational outcome
AgNPs	Azadirachta indica (Neem)	Hydrogel dressing	Excision wound (rat)	Enhanced wound closure, low inflammation (Dutt et al., 2023)
AuNPs	Curcuma longa (Turmeric)	Topical cream	Diabetic wound (mouse)	Reduced cytokine levels, better tissue regeneration (Abbas, 2021)
ZnONPs	Aloe vera	ZnO–chitosan hydrogel	Burn wound (rat)	Promoted fibroblast migration, angiogenesis (Wafi and Khan, 2024)