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. 2025 Jul 29;15:27659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-13353-0

Table 1.

Major differences among recent studies.

Authors Soil type Focus area Methodology
Sharma and Sharma (2021)14 Cohesionless soil Geogrid-encased granular piles Experimental
Malhotra and Singh (2021)9 Sandy soil Pullout of anchor piles Experimental & numerical
Vashishtha and Sawant (2021)13 Clayey soil Single GPA pullout response Experimental
Joseph et al. (2022)12 Clayey & sandy soil GPA vs. helical anchor Model testing
Kumari and Sharma (2025)15 Loose sandy soil Uplift of anchor pile Numerical analysis