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. 2025 Jul 29;15:27659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-13353-0

Table 4.

Pullout capacity of the anchor pile system of different square pile groups configurations (2 × 2, 3 × 3 and 4 × 4) and spacings for different L/D ratios.

Parameter 2 × 2 pile groups configurations 3 × 3 pile groups configurations 4 × 4 pile groups configurations
Length (m) 3 3 3
Diameter (m) 0.6 0.4 0.3
L/D ratio 5 7.5 10
Pullout capacity of single pile 227 144 107
Pullout capacity of 2 × 2 pile group at S- 2.5 D 2751.04 1421.27 881.74
Pullout capacity of 2 × 2 pile group at S- 3.0 D 3358 1728 1040.56
Pullout capacity of 2 × 2 pile group at S- 3.5 D 3520.43 1834.19 1149.79
Efficiency of 2 × 2 pile group at S- 2.5 D (%) 303 247 206
Efficiency of 2 × 2 pile group at S- 3.0 D (%) 370 300 243
Efficiency of 2 × 2 pile group at S- 3.5 D (%) 388 318 268
Pullout capacity of 3 × 3 pile group at S- 2.5 D 5804.14 2814.52 1785.26
Pullout capacity of 3 × 3 pile group at S- 3.0 D 7084.27 3421.91 2106.75
Pullout capacity of 3 × 3 pile group at S- 3.5 D 7427.15 3632.01 2327.98
Efficiency of 3 × 3 pile group at S- 2.5 D (%) 284 217 185
Efficiency of 3 × 3 pile group at S- 3.0 D (%) 346 264 219
Efficiency of 3 × 3 pile group at S- 3.5 D (%) 363 280 241
Pullout capacity of 4 × 4 pile group at S- 2.5 D 10204.23 4958.06 3054.54
Pullout capacity of 4 × 4 pile group at S- 3.0 D 12454.81 6028.04 3604.6
Pullout capacity of 4 × 4 pile group at S- 3.5 D 13057.62 6398.16 3979.48
Efficiency of 4 × 4 pile group at S- 2.5 D (%) 281 215 178
Efficiency of 4 × 4 pile group at S- 3.0 D (%) 343 261 210
Efficiency of 4 × 4 pile group at S- 3.5 D (%) 359 278 232