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. 2025 Jul 29;15:27604. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-12277-z

Table 9.

Comparison of various studies on adaptive modulation and hierarchical classification.

Study Adaptive modulation Hierarchical classification ML-based approach Real-time adaptation Modulation diversity
Adaptive modulation under Doppler effects14
HLD classification (Jajo et al.)15
SUI channel model (A. Hashib et al.)16
Cross-layer SDR Design (Shahzad et al.)17
AMR classifier (Ali et al.)18
Hierarchical SVM classifier19
Cognitive radio in satellite networks13
Our approach