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. 2025 Jul 29;15:27666. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-11728-x

Table 3.

Lung function parameters and results from the Montreal cognitive assessment (MOCA). % predicted – percentage of predicted norm value based on age, height and sex. % LLN – percentage of lower limit normal. FEV1 – forced expiratory volume in 1 s. FVC – forced vital capacity. DLCO – diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide. KCO – carbon monoxide transfer coefficient. RV- residual volume. VA – alveolar volume.

Post-COVID Control group BF10
Mean Range Mean Range
MOCA 28.26 (23–30) 28.46 (24–30) n.a.

FEV1/FVC

[% predicted]

96.59 (85.50–116.29) 97.27 (84.33–112.73) 0.255
[% LLN] 112.04 (98.97–134.81) 112.77 (97.61–130.22) 0.251

FEV1

[% predicted]

99.41 (67.56–129.00) 101.18 (73.28–124.71) 0.281
[% LLN] 126.31 (86.17–169.65) 128.16 (98.34–166.81) 0.261

FVC

[% predicted]

102.53 (77.90–129.95) 103.59 (79.69–131.18) 0.249
[% LLN] 129.92 (99.26–163.75) 130.98 (99.7–174.77) 0.242

DLCO

[% predicted]

96.33 (67.88–130.09) 102.18 (83.19–127.08) 1.477
[% LLN] 123.19 (87.56–167.65) 130.18 (105.15–160.18) 1.228

KCO

[% predicted]

97.35 (75.33–127.01) 103.78 (74.10–125.00) 1.794
[% LLN] 124.18 (95.64–161.93) 132.20 (98.22–160.68) 1.623

RV

[% predicted]

104.71 (70.45–210.18) 106.69 (65.66–179.00) 0.246
[% LLN] 194.12 (124.37–403.79) 203.81 (130.44–374.57) 0.307

VA

[% predicted]

99.00 (80.89–125.10) 99.00 (80.69–123.24) 0.232
[% LLN] 120.67 (99.14–153.33) 120.46 (97.93–149.87) 0.233