Table 1.

Type of application areas, problems, and neural networks structures of PINNs in physiological modeling.

Area	Type	Neural networks structures
Cardiac electrophysiology & Hemodynamics	Forward	Feed-forward neural networks
		Sahli et al (2020)
		Xie and Yao et al (2022b)
		Herrero et al (2022)
		Maidu et al (2025)
		Kissas et al (2020)
		CNN
		Jiang et al (2024)
		Nazaret et al (2023)
		DeepONet
		Li et al (2024)
		Fourier-based activation function
		Aghaee and Khan (2024)
		Neural network finite element model
		Motiwale et al (2024)
		Zhang et al (2022)
	Inverse	Autoencoder
		Tenderini et al (2022)
		Nazaret et al (2023)
	Forward & Inverse	RNN
		Xie (2023)
		Kashtanova et al (2022b)
		Tenderini et al (2022)
		Jiang et al (2024)
Neural dynamics	Forward	Transformer networks
		Sarabian et al (2022)
	Inverse	Adversarial contrastive learning
		Wang et al (2024)
Cancer	Forward	LSTM, U-Net
		Ottens et al (2022)
		Feed-forward neural networks
		Mukhmetov et al (2023)
Electromyography	Forward	CNN
		Li et al (2022)
		Feed-forward neural networks
		Taneja et al (2022)
		Ma et al (2024)
		Zhang et al (2022)