Table 8.
Summary of the results for PINNs in hemodynamics.
| Article | Objective | Signal characteristics | Error metrics |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kissas et al (2020) | Arterial blood flow prediction | In vivo data | Relative L2 Error |
| Buoso et al (2021) | Ventricular biomechanics simulation | In silico data | RE |
| Sarbian et al (2022) | Brain hemodynamic prediction | In vivo data | Maximum relative L2 error |
| Du et al (2023) | Aortic hemodynamics | In silico data | RE |
| Liang et al (2023) | Noninvasive intravascular pressure estimate | In silico data | MSE;RE |
| Moser et al (2023) | 3D blood flow modeling | In silico data | MAE |
| Wang et al (2024) | Cuffless blood pressure estimation | Clinical blood pressure datasets | RMSE |
| Bhaumik et al (2024) | Arterial blood flow wave process | In silico data | MSE |
| Liu et al (2024) | Prediction of fractional flow reserve | Clinical FFR data | MSE; Coefficient of determination |
| Li et al (2024) | Blood flow continuously prediction | In silico data;MIMIC dataset | RE; MAE |
| Maidu et al (2025) | Ventricular flow and pressure fields prediction | In silico flow data | NRMSE |
Definitions of NRMSE, RMSE, MSE, MAE, and RE can be found in table 2.