. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jul 30.

Published in final edited form as: Perspect ASHA Spec Interest Groups. 2023 Jun 6;8(3):542–557. doi: 10.1044/2023_persp-22-00221

Table 5.

GEE parameter estimates for age group and sex.

Parameter	Intercept	Standard error	95% Wald CI (lower, upper)	Wald chi-square	df	p value
(Intercept)	57.82	67.37	[−74.23, 189.87]	.74	1	.39
60+ years	209.49	121.29	[−28.23, 447.21]	2.98	1	.084
40–59 years	184.36	104.58	[−20.62, 389.34]	3.11	1	.078
21–39 years	0^a
Male	−147.24	90.99	[−325.59, 31.10]	2.62	1	.10
Female	0^a
Solid	3120.31	286.06	[2559.64, 3680.98]	119.98	1	< .001
5-ml extremely thick liquid	344.58	44.61	[257.16, 432.01]	59.68	1	< .001
5-ml moderately thick liquid	122.53	36.93	[50.14, 194.92]	11.01	1	< .001
Cup sip mildly thick liquid	30.49	26.11	[−20.69, 81.67]	1.36	1	.24
5-ml mildly thick liquid	18.03	20.58	[−22.31, 58.37]	.77	1	.38
Cup sip thin liquid	87.32	30.82	[26.91, 147.73]	8.03	1	.005
5-ml thin liquid	0^a

Note. Superscripted a is set to zero as this parameter is the referent level and would be redundant to report. GEE = generalized estimating equations; CI = confidence interval.