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. 2025 Jul 29;18:166. doi: 10.1186/s13048-025-01739-7

Table 1.

Main characteristics of included studies

Author, year City Study Type Overall population Approach Included Pathologist assessment Adequate after 1st attempt (n) Repeated attempts Adequate after 2nd attempt (n) Adequate after 5th attempt (n) Reference standard Accuracy (population tested) Biopsy accuracy (n) Biopsies (total n) Compli-cations (n)
Fischerova (2008)[36] Prague Prosp 86 TVUS, TAUS 86 Histo, IHC 80 4 84 NA 90 1
Griffin (2009)[22] Cambridge Retro 60 TAUS 35 Histo, IHC 31 NA 35 0
Zikan (2010)[37] Prague Retro 190 TVUS, TAUS 184 Histo, IHC 170 5 175 DSS 118 116 189 2
Oge (2013)[27] Eskisehir Retro 55 TAUS 55 Histo, IHC 53 NA 55 0
Thabet (2014)[23] Boston Retro 27 TVUS + TAUS 13 Histo, IHC 13 DSS 8 8 13 0
TVUS 7 Histo, IHC 7 2 2
TAUS 6 Histo, IHC 6 6 6
Kong (2016)[29] Suwon Retro 52 TVUS 52 Histo, IHC 49 DSS 49 52 0
Epstein (2016)[28] Stockholm Prosp 143 TVUS, TAUS, TRUS 143 Histo, IHC 126 5 131 DSS 30 30 148 4
Lin (2017)[32] Guangzhou Retro 200 TVUS 200 Histo 192 2 193 DSS, CL 192 190 202 0
Yousefi (2017)[24] Mashhad Prosp 12 TVUS 12 Histo, IHC 12 DSS 8 8 12 0
Majid (2018)[34] Peshawar Retro 78 NS 2 NS 2 NA 2 0
Mascilini (2019)[25] Rome Retro 62 TVUS 62 Histo, IHC 62 DSS, CL 17 15 62 0
Vlasak (2020)[21] Pilsen Retro 123 TVUS + TAUS 123 Histo, IHC 118 DSS 51 46 123 0
TVUS 91 Histo, IHC 88
TAUS 32 Histo, IHC 30
Verschuere (2021)[26] Leuven Retro 176 TVUS 100 Histo, IHC 83 8 91 DSS 43 35 108 0
Lengyel (2021)[31] Budapest Prosp 303 TVUS 303 Histo, IHC 299 DSS 94 82 303 3
Buonomo (2022)[35] Trieste Retro 42 TVUS, TAUS 42 Histo, IHC 40 2 42 DSS 17 16 42 1
Asp (2023)[33] Lund Retro 309 TVUS, TAUS 293 Histo, IHC NA NA NA 253 DSS 159 155 300 4
Pelayo (2023)[20] Madrid, Murcia Retro 42 TVUS 34 Histo, IHC NA NA 34 DSS 10 9 34 0
Mascilini (2023)[30] Rome Prosp 158 TVUS + TAUS 128 Histo, IHC 128 DSS 102 96 128 1
TVUS 121 121 98 92
TAUS 7 7 4 4

Prosp, prospective; Retro, retrospective; TVUS, transvaginal ultrasound; TAUS, transabdominal US; TRUS transrectal US; Histo, histological; IHC, immunohistochemistry; NA, not applied, DSS, definitive surgical specimen, CL, clinical; NS, not specified