Table 2.
List of all included articles (n = 68)
| Author(s), year | Location | Type of intervention | Substance addressed by intervention | Number of participantsa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Program descriptionb (n = 26) | ||||
| Dunn et al. 2022 [49] | London, England | Buprenorphine and methadone dispensing and harm reduction supply provision at protective hotel for PEH | Opioids | 35 |
| Fuertes et al. 2021 [50] | Lisbon, Portugal | Alcohol and OUD treatment, harm reduction services, and access to mobile drug consumption room for emergency shelter | Alcohol; Opioids; Stimulants | N/A |
| Harris, Young et al. 2021 [51] | Boston, USA and Toronto, Canada | Toronto: I&Q/respite unit with low-barrier MAP, prescribed safer supply, naloxone and syringe distribution, SCS, methadone and buprenorphine provision, and alcohol withdrawal management. Boston: I&Q/respite unit with naloxone and syringe distribution at discharge, onsite methadone administration, and alcohol withdrawal management | Alcohol; Opioids | N/A |
| Harris, Peterkin et al. 2021 [52] | Vancouver, Canada; Portland, Boston, and New Haven, USA | Vancouver: SUD management in I&Q units, longer buprenorphine (bupe) prescriptions, outpatient BZD tapers for alcohol withdrawal, safer supply prescribing, virtual supervision; Portland: telemedicine-based bupe prescribing, outpatient BZD tapers, pre-paid phone distribution; Boston: telemedicine-based bupe prescribing, outpatient BZD tapers, SUD management in I&Q units, pre-paid phone distribution; New Haven: telemedicine-based bupe prescribing, outpatient BZD tapers, SUD management in I&Q units | Alcohol; Opioids | N/A |
| Heimer et al. 2020 [53] | New Haven, Connecticut, USA | Buprenorphine and methadone delivery, methadone THDs, COVID-19 respite facility for PEH with harm reduction for alcohol and other substances, onsite methadone (via delivery) | Alcohol; Opioids; Stimulants | N/A |
| Kennedy et al. 2022 [54] | Los Angeles, California, USA | Low-threshold telephone addiction consultation service accessible via outreach and other providers, including medication (e.g. buprenorphine, naltrexone) prescribing | Alcohol; Opioids | 557 |
| Komaromy, Harris et al. 2021 [55] | Boston, Massachusetts, USA | Methadone and buprenorphine induction, maintenance, and dispensing, and SUD withdrawal management at hospital-based I&Q/respite site for PEH | Alcohol; Opioids; Stimulants; Benzodiazepines | 226 |
| Komaromy, Tomanovich et al. 2021 [56] | Boston, Massachusetts, USA | I&Q/respite unit with onsite SUD treatment, telemedicine-based SUD services, extended prescriptions and use of injectable buprenorphine, phone provision, street-based harm reduction outreach | Alcohol; Opioids; Stimulants; Benzodiazepines | N/A |
| Landgraf et al. 2020 [57] | Delaware, USA | Transitional housing hotel placement program for PEH enrolled or willing to enroll in SUD treatment | Not specified | 332 |
| Leo et al. 2021 [58] | Chicago, Illinois, USA | Mobile van-based buprenorphine induction | Opioids | N/A |
| Lynch et al. 2023c [59] | Los Angeles, California, USA | Comprehensive co-located care at sanctioned encampment | Opioids | 95 |
| Malmusi et al. 2022 [60] | Barcelona, Spain | SUD services at emergency shelters | Alcohol; Opioids | N/A |
| Marcus et al. 2020d [61] | Tshwane, South Africa | Methadone provision at an emergency temporary congregate shelter | Opioids | N/A |
| Messmer et al. 2023 [62] | Chicago, Illinois, USA | Mobile medical unit with low-threshold buprenorphine induction, maintenance, and dispensing | Opioids | 587 |
| O’Carroll et al. 2021 [63] | Dublin, Ireland | Methadone THDs, BZD maintenance treatment, naloxone provision at protective and I&Q hotels for PEH | Opioids; Benzodiazepines | N/A |
| Nash et al. 2022 [64] | Sydney, Australia | MAP, MOUD, and alcohol withdrawal management at I&Q site | Alcohol; Opioids | 58 |
| Quiñones et al. 2021 [65] | Puerto Rico, USA | Telemedicine-based buprenorphine induction and maintenance | Opioids | N/A |
| Ristau et al. 2021 [66] | San Francisco, California, USA | MAP at protective and I&Q hotels for PEH | Alcohol | 26 |
|
Rottnek & Laxton, 2021 [67] |
St Louis, Missouri, USA | Outreach-based MOUD delivery | Opioids | N/A |
| Sivakumar et al. 2022 [68] | New Haven, Connecticut, USA | HCV, HIV, and OUD co-treatment with telemedicine-based buprenorphine induction, linkage to methadone | Opioids | 35 |
| Tofighi et al. 2022 [69] | New York, New York, USA | Low-threshold telemedicine-based buprenorphine induction and maintenance | Opioids | 78 |
| Tringale & Subica, 2021 [70] | Los Angeles, California, USA | “Telephone booth” clinic-based telemedicine buprenorphine induction and maintenance, dispensing through coordinated pharmacy | Opioids | N/A |
| Venter & Heese, 2020 [71] | Tshwane, South Africa | Low-threshold methadone provision at emergency congregate shelter | Opioids | 52 |
| Wang, C.Y. et al. 2021 [72] | Chicago, Illinois, USA | Telemedicine-based buprenorphine induction and maintenance and methadone delivery at I&Q site for PEH | Opioids | 51 |
| Wang, L. et al. 2021 [73] | Ithaca and Manhattan, New York, USA | Low-threshold outreach and telemedicine-based buprenorphine induction and maintenance | Opioids | N/A |
| Yeo et al. 2021 [74] | Washington DC, USA | Low-threshold audio-only telemedicine-based buprenorphine induction and maintenance | Opioids | 277 |
| Qualitative (n = 16) | ||||
| Aronowitz et al. 2021 [75] | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA | Telemedicine-based buprenorphine induction and maintenance, methadone THDs, street-based harm reduction outreach | Opioids | 30 |
| Brocious et al. 2021 [76] | Juneau, Alaska, USA | MAP at I&Q site for PEH | Alcohol | 5 |
| Darnton et al. 2023 [77] | Washington State, USA | Methadone THDs with video-observed dosing | Opioids | 15 |
| Harris et al. 2022 [78] | Boston, Massachusetts, USA | Methadone THDs and telemedicine-based buprenorphine induction and maintenance | Opioids | 20 |
| Kesten et al. 2021 [79] | Bristol, England | Telemedicine and outreach-based SUD treatment and harm reduction services, low-barrier buprenorphine and methadone provision, extended prescriptions, methadone THDs | Opioids | 28 |
| Lenhard et al. 2022 [80] | Cambridge, England | Telemedicine, relaxed alcohol consumption rules at protective hotels for PEH | Alcohol | N/A |
| Lockard et al. 2022 [81] | Portland, Oregon, USA | Low-threshold telemedicine-based buprenorphine induction and maintenance | Opioids | 19 |
| May et al. 2022 [82] | United Kingdom | Harm reduction supply delivery, methadone storage boxes, extended MOUD prescriptions, methadone THDs, telemedicine-based SUD assessment and services | Opioids | 36 |
| McCann et al. 2022 [83] | Kingston, Canada | Onsite SCS and harm reduction supply provision at emergency congregate shelter | Opioids | 30 |
| Neale et al. 2022 [84] | London, England | Buprenorphine and methadone provision and MAP at protective hotel for PEH | Alcohol; Opioids | 34 |
| Parkes et al. 2021 [85] | Edinburgh, Scotland | Harm reduction equipment delivery, methadone THDs, telemedicine-based support groups and appointments, naloxone distribution | Alcohol; Opioids | 20 |
| Parkes et al. 2021 [86] | Edinburgh, Scotland | Telemedicine-based support groups and appointments, phone provision, provision of safer injection equipment, naloxone provision, same-day drop-in SUD medication induction | Alcohol; Opioids | 20 |
| Russell et al. 2021 [87] | Canada | Expanded MOUD accessibility, telemedicine-based MOUD prescribing and SUD counseling | Opioids | 196 |
| Schofield et al. 2022 [88] | Scotland | Methadone THDs, expanded harm reduction equipment provision, shift to buprenorphine, telemedicine-based recovery support services | Opioids | 29 |
| Suen et al. 2022 [89] | San Francisco, California, USA | Expanded access to methadone THDs | Opioids | 30 |
| Wyatt et al. 2022 [90] | California, USA | Methadone THDs at protective hotel for PEH | Opioids | 30 |
| Quantitative analytic study (cohort, case control, cross-sectional, etc.) (n = 14) | ||||
| Azevedo et al. 2023 [91] | Lisbon, Portugal | Low-threshold pharmacological alcohol withdrawal management at emergency shelters | Alcohol | 69 |
| Fleming et al. 2022 [92] | San Francisco, California, USA | Buprenorphine induction at protective hotel for PEH | Opioids | 686 |
| Frost et al. 2022 [93] | USA | Telemedicine for buprenorphine | Opioids | 17,182 |
| Fuchs et al. 2021 [94] | San Francisco, California, USA | MOUD, MAP, and harm reduction services at I&Q hotel for PEH | Alcohol; Opioids; Marijuana; Stimulants | 1009 |
| Horig et al. 2023 [95] | Berlin, Germany | MOUD, MAP at specialized I&Q facility for PEH | Alcohol; Opioids | 139 |
| Huggett et al. 2021 [96] | Chicago, Illinois, USA | Onsite methadone (via delivery), buprenorphine and naltrexone induction and maintenance at protective hotel for PEH | Alcohol; Opioids | 259 |
| King et al. 2023 [97] | New York, New York, USA | Telephonic outreach program with peer support, counseling, referrals to medical providers | Alcohol; Opioids; Other | 329 |
| Lew et al. 2022 [98] | Hamilton, Canada | Safer use space, prescribed safer supply, MOUD, and harm reduction supplies at congregate shelter | Opioids | N/A |
| Matthews et al. 2023 [99] | New York, New York, USA | Telemedicine-based counseling for SUD | Not specified | 370 |
| Nordeck et al. 2021 [100] | Baltimore, Maryland, USA | Low-threshold telemedicine-based buprenorphine induction and maintenance and extended prescriptions | Opioids | 322 |
| Peterkin et al. 2023 [101] | Boston, Massachusetts, USA | Pre-paid cell phone provision for patients with SUD | Not specified | 181 |
| Siemens et al. 2023 [102] | Tshwane, South Africa | Low-threshold methadone provision at emergency congregate shelter | Opioids | 495 |
| Toseef et al. 2022 [103] | Denver, Colorado, USA | Telemedicine appointments (provider, therapist) for SUD | Not specified | 1,626 |
| Vorberg et al. 2023 [104] | Hamburg, Germany | Low-threshold clinic-based methadone provision | Opioids | 84 |
| Case series and reports (n = 8) | ||||
| Brothers et al. 2022 [105] | Halifax, Canada | Prescribed safer supply, MAP, buprenorphine and methadone at I&Q hotel for PEH | Alcohol; Opioids; Stimulants; Benzodiazepines | 77 |
| Flavin et al. 2022 [106] | New York, New York, USA | Low-threshold telemedicine-based buprenorphine treatment | Opioids | 1 |
| Harris et al. 2020 [107] | Boston, Massachusetts, USA | Low-threshold outreach and telemedicine-based buprenorphine induction and maintenance | Opioids | 2 |
| Hong et al. 2022 [108] | British Columbia, Canada | Safer supply prescribing at I&Q hotel for PEH | Opioids; Stimulants | 1 |
| Levander et al. 2022 [109] | Portland, Oregon, USA | Low-threshold telemedicine-based buprenorphine induction and maintenance | Opioids | 3 |
| Mehtani et al. 2021 [110] | San Francisco, California, USA | Telemedicine-based buprenorphine induction and maintenance at protective hotel for PEH | Opioids | 12 |
| Samuel et al. 2022 [111] | San Francisco, California, USA | Buprenorphine induction and delivery at protective hotel for PEH | Opioids | 3 |
| Scallan et al. 2022 [112] | Hamilton, Canada | Methadone provision (via delivery) at protective hotel for PEH | Opioids | 2 |
| Mixed methods (n = 4) | ||||
| Abbs et al. 2023 [113] | San Francisco, California, USA | MAP, buprenorphine delivery and harm reduction services at protective hotel for PEH | Alcohol; Opioids | 346 (cross sectional analysis), 5 (focus group) |
| Bower et al. 2023 [114] | Sydney, Australia | Telemedicine-based SUD counseling | Alcohol; Opioids; Marijuana; Stimulants | 64 |
| Galarneau et al. 2023 [115] | Edmonton, Canada | Overdose prevention site at emergency congregate shelter | Opioids; Stimulants | 45 |
| Wiessing et al. 2022 [116] | Saskatchewan, Canada; Athens, Greece; Dublin, Ireland; Tel Aviv, Israel; Luxembourg, Bucharest; Romania, Glasgow, Scotland; Indiana, Minnesota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Washington, USA | Methadone THDs, telemedicine and outreach-based SUD treatment, delivery of safe consumption supplies, emergency congregate shelters, protective hotels for PEH | Opioids | 13 sites |
aNumber refers to study participants if available (e.g., for quantitative or qualitative studies) or intervention recipients if no specific number of study participants provided or applicable (e.g., for descriptions). Studies noted as N/A in this column did not provide singular information on the total number of intervention recipients (or provided estimates only) or had a study design for which the number was not applicable
bRefers to articles that provide an overview of the intervention with or without basic summary statistics describing the characteristics of the clients/outcomes
cThis study provided a program description along with more detailed information about one recipient case
dThis program description included information from 3 key informant interviews along with primary documentary data and internal memos
BZD benzodiazepine, I&Q isolation and quarantine, MAP managed alcohol program, MOUD medications for opioid use disorder, OUD opioid use disorder, PEH people experiencing homelessness, SCS supervised consumption services, SUD substance use disorder, THD take-home dose