Motility assay of wild-type and mutant strains. Bacteria were inoculated on a semisolid tryptone motility agar (1% tryptone, 3% NaCl, 0.3% agar) and grown at 28°C for 14 h. 1, wild-type strain; 2, vpaH deletion mutant strain; 3, vpaH complementation strain; 4, lafTU deletion mutant strain.