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. 2025 Jul 17;16:1557972. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1557972

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Copyright © 2025 Ma, Fang, Li, Qin, Wang, Kang, Huang and Tong.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Chart A shows a PLS-DA plot with two component axes comparing HC and OPA groups, with distinct clustering. Chart B is a volcano plot depicting Log2FC against negative Log10 p-values, highlighting significant up (red) and down (blue) regulated points. Chart C is a pie chart detailing the composition of various compounds, with lipids being the most abundant at 24.72%. Chart D displays a VIP score plot with names of compounds, indicating significance and direction of changes (up in red, down in blue) in HC versus PA groups. — Metabolomic analysis reveals metabolic alterations in gut metabolic profiles in children with PA. (A) Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). (B) Volcano plots of the differential metabolites between HC and PA groups. (C) The proportion of differential gut metabolites categories. (D) Variable importance in projection (VIP) scores of the top 20 differential gut metabolites. n = 10.