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. 2025 Jul 18;16:1621080. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1621080

Table 2.

Variable-rate spraying control model.

Leaf area density level (Li) Spray requirement level (Si ) Required spray volume (L) PWM duty cycle (%)
A 1 0.06 34
B 2 0.09 38
C 3 0.11 41
D 4 0.14 44
E 5 0.16 48
F 6 0.18 51